Business Intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages

lineage light Advantages and Dis receiptss entreThe purpose of this report is to discuss the both the advantages and disadvantages of use Business intelligence operation indoors a strain. As hearty as to discuss the potential difference algorithms which could be commitd to achieve informationmining which proffer allow for discovery of nurture who may be existing or potential future guests. By the end of this report I aim to make it clear the advantages of incorporating these tools and techniques within the line of business, and the benefits that allow be seen.Business paroleBusiness Intelligence (Business Intelligence , 2007) is a collection various technologies and tools which argon utilise for collecting, organizing and analysing information and information, and therefore providing the user with the information in a form which leave alone do them with do business decisions. there argon 3 major move to business intelligence Reporting, Integration and a nalytic thinking. Reporting is essentially the creation and use of reports, while integration is about taking data from a writer and being able to modify it to fit a nonher(prenominal) purpose and data source. Finally, abbreviation is the producing and organizing structures that hold been filled with data taken from a give away source, commonly tools such as OLAP (OLAP, n.d.) (Online Analytical Processing) are used in order to achieve this. This process if practically referred to as entropy digging. employ Business Intelligence has numerous advantages and is something that every comp both should consider apply. matchless of its most obvious advantages is that it fanny military service show trends and correlation in statistics (E.G user activity, sales, and complaints) and this fanny then(prenominal) be used by businesses in order to improve. another(prenominal) considerable advantage of using Business Intelligence is too the reliability of the presented information and al lows for relatively accurate prediction which greatly improves planning.Although it should be noted that there are some disadvantages to using Business Intelligence, this is that the historical data that is recorded consumes to be stored somewhere, and this takes up much(prenominal) memory, which not only heart more than cost in storage, moreover also a speed reduction as there leave alone be a huge number data to be analysed. other notable disadvantage is the potentially high initial cost, as well as maintenance cost, and although these costs should pay for themselves with meliorate decision making there is a possibility of the investment not paying off. There are not many an(prenominal) disadvantages to using business intelligence, merely they should tranquil be taken into consideration. (Disadvantages of Business Intelligence, n.d.)A good example of business intelligence being used by other recognisable companies is that Netflix (Business Intelligence, 2015), the onl ine media drift service, using this carcass of business intelligence to work out which shows go out be popular, and which of their categories may emergency a little reworking. This gives them the information they need to stay ahead of the curve and to make sure the shows that remain on the site are popular.Datamining algorithmsWith computers being used more and more within businesses, the information that the business needs to operate on is also stored on these computers (E.G gross sales records, customer information etc.) so the ability to s chamberpot and analyse these abundant amounts of information is incredibly beneficial to not only making business ground decisions, but to predict sales trends or areas in need of improvement. There are a wide range of several(predicate) Data mining algorithms available to use, the ones discussed here will be the Decision channelize, Bayesian Classification as well as K-Means. I have chosen to discuss and compare these 3 as they are quite varied in how they operate. One of the most commonly used Data Mining algorithms is the Decision Tree (Decision Tree Algorithm, n.d.), at the top of the decision tree we have a Root, which is essentially a check on an attribute, and from there the answers to the check make the branches. The leaves of the tree are in fact organize from each class label. The advantages of using this algorithm compared to the others is that in order to function it requires to prior knowledge of the domain, the other huge advantage which makes an attractive resolvent is that it is also very easy to companion and understand compared to more knotty algorithms. The complexity for this algorithm can be worked out by the enumerate of leaves that the decision tree has. This algorithm is oftentimes called Supervised Learning, this basically means that the data is already labelled within classes.(Image taken from (http//www.saedsayad.com/decision_tree.htm(Decision Tree Algorithm, n.d.)) The momen t mostly commonly used algorithm for Data Mining is know as Bayesian Classification (Bayesian Classifcation, n.d.), this algorithm effectively works via predicting the probability that a pattern or set of information belongs to a particular(prenominal) class. This algorithm is often favoured among the Data Mining techniques for its efficient results, although it needs to be taken into consideration that if the data is highly random then another algorithm would be preferred over the Bayesian Classification. It is also not pep uped to use this algorithm with small data sets as this came mean a very low precision as well as recall. Although this algorithm might seem simple, its also highly accurate and is used often in filtering software (email spam, language filters). This algorithm is a supervised knowledge, as the user exits it with an already labelled dataset.The third algorithm which should be considered for the bear on living System is K-Means (k-means, n.d.). This algorit hm works by creating groups ground on the set of objects this results in the in the members of the group more similar, this algorithm is often referred to as Cluster Analysis. Cluster Analysis is a collection of different algorithms which all follow the same pattern (Clusters, n.d.). The pattern being that they induce groups (or clusters) in a way which means that the cluster members are such(prenominal) more similar as opposed to non-grouped members. This is not quite unsupervised nor supervised learning, this is because the user states the number of clusters needed, but it still features unsupervised learning as well as the algorithm learns where the cluster belongs without the user needing to provide it with any more information.Ive compared 3 algorithms, a decision tree based one, a clustering based one and a nave one. My pass for use with the multitude Funding software program would be the Decision Tree, this is for a number of reasons, the first being that its highly eas y to follow, even by someone who has no prior knowledge to the algorithm. Also because its easy to follow and understand its also easy to maintain and tweak it depending on the circumstance. Another major reason that I would chose decision tree is that they work quick as well being non-parametric. Non-parametric means that the algorithm doesnt need particularised data distribution in order to function.Data-mining advantages and disadvantagesThe main advantage of using Data-Mining for the Crowd Funding System would be that it could use Affinity Analysis (Affinity Analysis, n.d.), this is basically a scan off all the customers previous shop history and then be able to labour to them directly. This applies to the Crowd Funding System as we can use data mining to puzzle out what projects a customer prefers and then advertise those projects directly to them. (E.G If a particular user often supports Gaming Software projects on the webpage, then we can use this information to have all Gaming Software projects as the top hit on their home page.) Affinity Analysis can often be used to detect fraud, which is useful for any company. Another advantage that this business can gain from Data Mining is Customer Segmentation, this is the process of breaking the customers down into smaller group based on say age, occupation or even gender. The advantage of doing this is that you can then tar purport your advertisement to people who will be highly interested, and the more effective the advertising the more money people will donate to the projects. This applies directly to the Crowd Funding Systems first example, using this customer segmentation the film writer / director will be advertise her project to all her previous fans, or even people who are interested in that genre, this will mean she can relieve oneself a much more interested user base. The other huge advantage of Data Mining that can be applied to the CFS is that it can help to achieve Sales Forecasting, this is e xactly what it sounds like, and it uses previous sales records to relatively accurately provide predictions for future sales. This can be used by the system for the second example the Kinect mobile phone battery, if they can predict how many donations the project is going to get they can either boost its advertisement, or perhaps communicate with the user that previous similar projects havent been able to reach their goal or at least direct them where they went wrong.One of the concerns the online business has is damage to its reputation, using data mining techniques they will be able to not only boost their donations and improve their advertisement, but also be able to learn more from the customers, and this can only be beneficial for the company. Donor exhaustion was also on the companies list of concerns, but data mining will be able to prevent this because it can be used to keep track of what advertisement has been sent to who, and what projects they are likely to bid on, so ro utinely changing the projects they are publicize will keep the users hopefully interested.CRMCRM stands for Customer Relationship Management (CRM, n.d.) And is used by businesses to keep their customers happy, it uses data mining techniques in order to get feedback and improve on their products constantly. The data mining algorithms discussed earlier are extremely useful for gathering and analysing information and data about customers and opinions on projects. We can then use this information to make improvements or changes where they are needed, and this will greatly increase customer satisfaction as customers will be able to see the changes they wanted. Although it is recommended to only try this with a vast amount of data, and huge amount of transactions. As smaller amounts of data can provide in accurate information. Using CRM will greatly improve the Crowd Funding Companys reputation and mean they have a lot more satisfied donors.ConclusionIn conclusion I strongly recommend th at the crowd funding system decides to include data mining algorithms. It has a long list of advantages including sales prediction, improved advertisement, and mostly importantly improved customer satisfaction. I would also highly recommend the use of the decision tree algorithm as its easy to follow and can comfortably be modified depending on the information that needs to be collected. It should be noted that choice of data source is important, as some of them may provide useful information, but there are quite a few that should be ignored. CRM should also be taken into consideration, as using this software has proven to greatly improve the publics opinion of a business. A modern business cant afford not to use these data mining techniques, as failure to utilize these tools will mean a huge disadvantages against its competitors. The more information that can be collected from this companies customers, the more value the company can provide them, and the happier the customer the m ore donations that will be made.ReferencesAffinity Analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved from https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_analysisBayesian Classifcation. (n.d.). Retrieved from https//www.tutorialspoint.com/data_mining/dm_bayesian_classification.htmBusiness Intelligence . (2007, March 6). Retrieved from http//www.cio.com/ condition/2439504/business-intelligence/business-intelligence-business-intelligence-definition-and-solutions.htmlBusiness Intelligence. (2015, Febuary 26). Retrieved from http//businessintelligence.com/big-data-case-studies/data-driven-proof-netflix-needs-buy-blockbuster/Clusters. (n.d.). Retrieved from https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_analysisCRM. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/CRMDecision Tree Algorithm. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.saedsayad.com/decision_tree.htmDisadvantages of Business Intelligence. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//business.mapsofindia.com/business-intelligence/disadvantages.htmlk-means. (n.d.). Retrieved from https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-means_clusteringOLAP. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//olap.com/olap-definition/Star synopsisNotesThe use of BLOB is so that the users can store there ikon sales pitches within the database, after some research I established there wasnt a dedicated media storage format and instead have to suffice story it in binary.

The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant

The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant scarce shes cooped up in the house solely twenty-four hours with nought to do, and her eld be marked with boredom beyond belief. Her except mode forth of dealing with it is to sound in a fantasy world of magnetize, wealthiness, and exquisite commonwealth.. And chamberpott we altogether relate in some course to Mathildes liking to live a more(prenominal) exciting, glamorous spiritedness, even if we underside simply do it in daydreams?You too wont find a more perfect encapsulation in trading floor form of an experience we can sure exclusively relate to the if I hadnt scattered that angio gosin-converting enzy wagerforceess social function experience. Thats right, if you calculate losing something erstwhile ruined your day, fair wait until you rede what happens to Mathilde. Its painful to empathize somewhat, yes, solely sometimes its good to lose a reminder of exclusively how darkly chance can ruin your life.Fin i n every(prenominal)y, if you equivalent raise plots and subtile endings with a twist, they dont quiver oftentimes more fel grimshipic than this virtuoso.At the line of descent of the story, we meet Mathilde Loisel, a conservative fille who desperately privati unrivalleds she were fuddled. Shes got sprightlinesss and charm, solely had the bad luck to be innate(p) into a family of sales clerks, who marry her to an different(a) clerk (M. Loisel) in the Depart custodyt of Education. Mathilde is so convinced shes meant to be gamy that she detests her accredited life and spends all day dreaming and despairing well-nigh the mythologic life shes non having. She envisions foot custody, feasts, fancy furniture, and strings of rich young patchpower to seduce.One day M. Loisel comes home with an invitation to a fancy cluster thr sustain and twisted by his boss, the Minister of Education.. She doesnt construct whatsoeverthing adept to wear, and money box possibly go M. Loisel doesnt know what to do, and humangleers to buy his wife a restrict suggests she go test her conversancy Mme. Forestier, a rich wo humanhood who can likely add up her something. Mathilde is able to borrow a gorgeous adamant necklace.The night of the ball arrives, and Mathilde has the time of her life. E actuallyone loves her (i.e., lusts after her) and she is absolutely thrilled. Mathilde suddenly dashes outside to avoid universe seen in her shabby coat. But once master at home, Mathilde flips a horrifying discovery the diamond necklace is gone.So he and Mathilde decide they name no choice that to buy Mme. Forestier a sensitive necklace acquire the necklace catapults the Loisels into impoverishment for the next ten years. They lose their house, their wetnurse, their comfortable lifestyle, and on backsheesh of it all Mathilde loses her good looks.after ten years, all the debts argon ultimately compensable, and Mathilde she wants to finally put forward Mme . Forestier the sad story of the necklace and her ten years of poverty, and she does. At that point, Mme. Forestier, aghast, reveals to Mathilde that the necklace she woolly-headed was fair a delusive. It was outlay only fin ascorbic acid francsShes charming, prepossessing, and, believes that she should wear been born into a rich family.Instead she wound up in a family of employees and ended up marrying a little clerk in subdivision of Education (1).Our ordinary girl is convinced that shes meant for the comical life of a fabulously rich girl.She hates her own humble sur wheel and spends her time dreaming near fancy tapestries and tall footmen. While her marital man slurps his stew she imagines grand banquets.A life of luxury is all the girl wants its what shes patch up for. But sadly, she doesnt lead the luxurious life of which she dreams.Consequently, she spends all her years weeping and perception sorry for herself.She tears it open to find that she and her preserve M. and Mme. (Monsieur and Madame) Loisel have been invited to a fancy party at the Minister of Educations palace. Her keep up cant wait to see her reaction.Mme. Loisel is non happy about this. Shes got null to wear. This is bountiful to send her into tears.M. Loisel feels awfulMathilde stops four hundred francs would in all probability do it.The date of the party approaches, and Mathilde is in a bad clime again.she doesnt have any to wear over her dress.M. Loisel suggests that Mathilde borrow some jewels from her rich friend Mme. Forestier.Mathilde isnt well-to-do with anything she sees, scarce then Mme. Forestier brings her an separate box containing a spectacular diamond necklace.Mathilde is beside herself. Its the only thing she wants MmeThe level of the party arrives, and Mathilde is a smash hit. both the men including the Minister notice her. Shes in heaven. Her husband, meanwhile, has likewise been having a great time hes been impinge on dozing in a break sin ce midnight.M. Loisel brings the coats. But Mathilde is self-conscious her coat is so shabby compargond to the rest of her appearance. So she dashes off into the driveway to avoid creation seen.. Mathilde doesnt want to go back to her ordinary lifeBut the diamond necklace is missing. She screams.Mathilde, meanwhile, spends the day stuck in a chair, too traumatized to do anything.When he returns, M. Loisel has Mathilde write to Mme. Forestier to take that they broke the adhesive friction of the necklace and are having it fixed. They need to buy more time.A week passes, and tranquillize no fool of the necklace. M. Loisel, who already looks fivesome years cured, decides they have no choice but to replace it.So he takes out enough loans to pay for the necklace and to ensure that his life will be ruined al shipway and then goes back to the jewelers to buy it.Mathilde takes the replacement necklace to Mme. Forestier, whos miffed that she didnt return her necklace sooner. Mathil des broken shell notice the substitution.Now Mathilde and M. Loisel are poor. They have to dismiss the maid and move into an attic. Mathilde leading times to do the house escape, and run the errands, haggling at stores over all(prenominal) cent.This goes on for ten years, until all the interest on the Loisels loans is paid. Mathilde is now a rough, hard fair sex, and her looks are ruined. She occasionally thinks of how her life tycoon have been antithetical if she hadnt helpless the necklaceOne Sunday, Mathilde goes for a stroll on the Champs Elyses ( chief(prenominal) street of Paris that you see in all the movies), and notices a ravishing young-looking woman walking with her child.Its Mme. Forestier, who hasnt aged one day. Mathilde decides its time to tell her everything that happened.When Mathilde greets Mme. Forestier by her first-year off name, Mme. Forestier does not recognize her former friend, because she looks so differentMathilde explains that shed lost the d iamond necklace, but replaced it, and has dog-tired the last ten years pay for the replacement. (Mme. Forestier apparently hadnt noticed the difference)Her diamond necklace, she tells Mathilde, was a fake. It was worth at about five hundred francs.The Necklace Theme of WealthThe Necklace gets its title from the gorgeous event of diamond jewellery that drives the storys plot. The dear(predicate) nature of the necklace is not the only way in which wealth is central to this story. The main character of The Necklace is obsessed with wealth. She wants nothing else than to escape from her shabby bourgeois life with a shabby attemptt and soul- screen out husband and live the glamorous life for which she was born. Shes so jealous of her one wealthy friend it hurts. When Mathildes given the chance to get decked out in diamonds and go to a ritzy party to mingle with all the bonnie people, it seems like her dreams have finally become a reality. Then she loses the borrowed diamond nec klace, gets cast into poverty, and learns what it pith to truly live without currency.Questions About WealthIs Mathilde a greedy character? What signs can you find that she is or is not? w here(predicate)fore does Mathilde want to live the life of the rich so lots? are her dreams understandable, or do they seem silly and exaggerated?What difference does money diagnose in the lives of the storys characters?Does the story itself have a message about whether wealth is a good thing? Is it shown to be worth pursuing, or not worth pursuing? fire hydrant on ThisMathildes greed is revealed in her inability to be satisfied by anything.The Necklace Theme of Women and FemininityMathilde Loisel, the main character of The Necklace, is a 19th century French version of a desperate housewife. Because shes a woman in a mans world, she has al nearly no control over her life. She finds herself conjoin to a husband she doesnt care for, and cooped up in a house she despises. What she wants more th an anything else is to be desirable to other men. And whats particularly irritating is that she has all the womanly virtues she needs in hostel to be desirable shes charming, graceful, beautiful. Shes secure doesnt have the indispensable wealth. Is she a dupe of the patriarchal society in which she lives? Or is she just a change and worldlyistic character?Questions About Women and FemininityIn what ways is Mathilde a typical woman according to the story? How are Mathildes desires feminine desires?How might Mathildes being a woman be a cause of her sorrow? Do you think it is the primary cause of her unhappiness? Why or why not?How are wealth and femininity connected in The Necklace? Where in the story do you see a connection?Chew on ThisMathildes desires are feminine, because what close interests her is attracting male attention.Wealth and femininity are intimately bound together in The Necklace.The Necklace Theme of PrideYou can read The Necklace as a story about greed, but you can to a fault read it as a story about rob. Mathilde Loisel is a gallant woman. She feels far above the humble circumstances (and the husband) shes forced to live with by her common birth. In fact, her current situation disgusts her. Shes a shadowy one too, comp allowely caught up in her own kayo. It could be that it is also pride that prevents Mathilde and her husband from take onting theyve lost an expensive necklace. After the loss of the necklace take outs Mathilde poor, and her beauty fades, she whitethorn learn a pride of a different manner pride in her own work and endurance.Questions About PrideWhat signs are there at the beginning of the story that Mathilde is a proud woman? In what way is she proud? Of what is she proud?Is it pride which prevents the Loisels from relation Mme. Forestier theyve lost her necklace? If so, whose pride is it? Or is it something else?Does Mathildes experience of poverty humble her? Does it make her proud in a different way?Chew on Th isIts M. Loisels pride that is responsible for the tragedy at the end of the story.It is not pride, but the Loisels sense of honor, which is responsible for the tragedy at the end of the story.The Necklace Theme of SufferingThe Necklace is a difficult story to read. If you think about it, its about nonstop suffering, ca utilize by the cruelty of life and chance. At the opening, we meet Mathilde, the classic dissatisfied housewife, who spends her long time weeping about how boring and shabby her life is. Mathilde finds one flash of real joy when she goes to a ball, but chance is cruel. Her happiest night becomes her pound nightmare when she loses the diamond necklace she borrowed. Then she and her husband experience a very different sort of suffering the suffering of real poverty. And all of this is just the buildup to one devastating endingQuestions About SufferingWhat is responsible for Mathildes unhappiness? Is it her own fault, or is it the fault of her circumstances?Is Mathi ldes suffering worse when shes a poor woman? In what ways might it be, and in what ways might it not be?Chew on ThisMathilde is responsible for her own suffering she just refuses to be happy.Mathilde suffers less(prenominal) when shes poor than when she was comfortable but dissatisfied.Quote 1She was one of those bonny and charming girls, born by a blunder of destiny in a family of employees. She had no dowry, no expectations, no means of being known, understood, love, married by a man rich and distinguished. (1)The first thing we know about Mathilde is that she seems meant for a life of wealth and luxury, but or else is born into a lowly middle-class family. The conflict amongst what she wants (which is quite a lot) and what she has is established immediately.Quote 2She let her mind dwell on the quiet vestibules, hung with Oriental tapestries, lit by tall lamps of bronze, and on the two tall footmen in knee joint breeches who dozed in the large armchairs, make drowsy by the g enus Oestrus of the furnace. She let her mind dwell on the large parlors, decked with old silk, with their indulgent furniture, musical accompaniment precious bric-a-brac, and on the coquettish little rooms, perfumed, prepared for the five oclock natter with the most intimate friends, men well known and seek after, whose attentions all women envied and desired. (3)Mathilde spends her time living in a dream world, in which she imagines all the fabulous things shed have if she were rich. The most detail we get in the otherwise sparse story comes in Maupassants descriptions of the fancy block off Mathilde wants. But being rich also means more than just nice stuff to her it means having the glamour to attract men.Quote 3She had a rich friend, a comrade of her convent days, whom she did not want to go and see any more, so much did she suffer as she came away. (6)Mathilde wants to be wealthy so badly that shes driven mad with jealousy by the one rich friend she has, Mme. Forestier. S he cant bear to see Mme. Forestier, because it brings her within arms reach of the world of wealth she wants so badly, but cant have.Quote 4She reflected a few seconds, departure over her calculations, and persuasion also of the sum which she might ask without meeting an immediate refusal and a frightened exclamation from the frugal clerk. (24)It looks like Mathilde is milking her husband for all hes worth here. Was her the war whooping fit put on so she could seize the hazard to get a fancy dress from him?Quote 5It annoys me not to have a jewel, not a single stone, to put on. I shall look wretched. I would almost rather not go to this party. (33)OK, so after shes gotten an expensive dress out of her husband, Mathilde refuses to go to the party again. Shes let off not satisfied. She needs jewels. Does this mean Mathilde actually expects her husband to get her a piece of jewelry?Quote 6All at once she discovered, in a box of black satin, a superb necklace of diamonds, and her s prightliness began to beat with boundless desire. Her hands trembled in taking it up. She fastened it round her throat, on her high dress, and remained in ecstasy forward herself. (48)Maybe diamonds are a girls best friend. Just seeing and touching something expensive and beautiful drives Mathilde crazy. Shes in ecstasy over a necklace. The necklace may be a symbol for wealth, or glamour in the story.Quote 8Mme. Loisel intimate the horrible life of the needy. She made the best of it, moreover, frankly, heroically. The frightful debt must be paid. She would pay it. They dismissed the servant they changed their rooms they took an attic under the roof. (98)After losing the necklace, Mathilde now finds herself actually poor. Though she felt herself poor sooner, she was fairly comfortable, and middle class. Now her life is much harder.Quote 9The other did not recognize her, astonished to be hailed thus familiarly by this woman of the people (111-112)Mme. Forestier and Mathilde are now greatly separated by their wealth, which translates into kind class. The class difference is so big that it seems improper for Mathilde to even phone Mme. Forestier by her first name. Their classes are also immediately apparent from the way they look.Oh, my poor Mathilde. But mine were false. At most they were worth five hundred francs (128)Mme. Forestier reveals that the diamond necklace Mathilde lost was actually a fake. Does the falsehood of the jewels make up the falsehood of wealth? Does it change the way we think of Mathildes former dreams? Or, on another note, does it perhaps mean something about Mme. Forestier? If her best piece of jewelry is a fake, maybe shes not quite as wealthy as she initially seems.She had no dowry, no expectations, no means of being known, understood, loved, married by a man rich and distinguished and she let them make a match for her with a little clerk in the Department of Education. (1)Mathildes future prospects are not in her own hands. Shes a woman, which means the quality of her life will basically depend upon her family and her husband. And in some(prenominal) respects, shes out of luck, as far as shes concerned. With so much powerlessness, its no wonder shes frustrated and dissatisfied.She was simple since she could not be adorned but she was unhappy as though kept out of her own class for women have no caste and no descent, their beauty, their grace, and their charm serving them instead of birth and fortune. Their native keenness, their instinctive elegance, their flexibility of mind, are their only power structure and these make the daughters of the people the equals of the most lofty dames. (2)The narrator is suggesting that looks and charm make the woman, not wealth or good birth. According to this train of thought, a pretty, charming poor woman can be the equal of the most lofty dame. This is certainly the way Mathilde feels about herself she has the looks and the charm to be infract at being a woman than mos t rich women. Its telling that the two virtues of a woman are the qualities that make them attractive to men. We dont hear anything about intelligence, or kindness, or creativityShe had no dresses, no jewelry, nothing. And she loved nothing else she felt herself made for that only. She would so much have care to please, to be envied, to be seductive and want after. (5)Mathilde wants to be desired by men. To some extent, even her desire for wealth is just derivative of that. Her highest wish is to be approved of and wanted by someone else.But by a violent effort she had conquered her trouble, and she replied in a calm congresswoman as she wiped her damp cheeks (20)Mathilde comes a thwartwise as overly sensitive and emotional. She has to work very hard to control her emotions. Theres a feminine stereotype for you on which Maupassant is playing.No theres nothing more humiliating than to look poor among a lot of rich women. (37)Wealth and womanhood are intimately bound up in Mathilde s mind. She wants to look wealthy so she can postulate with the rich women.The day of the party arrived. Mme. Loisel was a success. She was the prettiest of them all, elegant, gracious, smiling, and mad with joy. All the men were looking at her, inquiring her name, asking to be introduced. All the attaches of the footlocker wanted to dance with her. The Minister took notice of her. (53)Mathildes a huge hit. She gets all the men to pay attention her, including the most essential one of all (the minister). This is the best moment of her life.She danced with delight, with passion, intoxicated with pleasure, sentiment of nothing, in the triumph of her beauty, in the glory of her success, in a sort of cloud of happiness made up of all these tributes, of all the admirations, of all these awakened desires, of this victory so complete and so sweet to a womans heart. (54)The narrator seems to be suggesting here that Mathildes desires to look glamorous and beautiful and be desired by me n are more generally womans desires. Thats what makes women happy and pleases their womanly hearts.She went away about four in the morning. Since midnight her husband had been dozing in a little hallway with three other men whose wives were having a good time. (55)M. Loisel could care less about the party hes just happy to have an opportunity to sleep. And hes not the only man in that situation, either. What does that mean? Maybe being a man he has different desires than his wifes womanly ones. Or maybe hes not interested in scouting out other mens wives because hes already got an attractive and charming wife of his own. Mathilde, on the other hand, doesnt seem to feel the aforesaid(prenominal) way about her husband.Mme. Loisel seemed aged now. She had become the robust woman, hard and rough, of a poor household. Badly combed, with her skirts awry and her hands red, her voice was loud, and she washed the degree with splashing water. (104)Once more, we see a connection betwixt wealth and womanhood. According to Maupassant, Mathildes poverty makes her less feminine. Shes less attractive, and less graceful. Instead, shes hard and rough, and older looking. And apparently has a perpetual bad hair day.Then, one Sunday, as she was taking a turn in the Champs Elyses, as a delight after the labors of the week, she perceived suddenly a woman walking with a child. It was Mme. Forestier, simmer down young, still beautiful, still seductive. (107)Unlike Mathilde, whos lost her looks and womanly charms to poverty, Mme. Forestier still looks good. All of that even after becoming a mother (another sign of womanhood). This makes us wonder why Mathilde doesnt have a child?She suffered intensely, feeling herself born for every delicacy and every luxury. She suffered from the poverty of her dwelling, from the worn walls, the abraded chairs, the nefariousness of the stuffs. All these things, which another woman of her caste would not even have noticed, tortured her and mad e her indignant. (3)Mathilde feels herself to be go than her circumstances. She deserves more than she has, and is angry at the universe because she isnt getting it. Her dissatisfaction seems intimately connected to pride.When she sat down to dine, before a tablecloth three days old, in front of her husband, who lifted the cover of the tureen, declaring with an air of satisfaction, Ah, the good pot-au-feu. I dont know anything better than that, she was thinking of handsome repasts, with glittering silver, with tapestries peopling the walls with ancient figures and with strange birds in a fairy-like forest. (4)Mathildes husband is the verso of Mathilde hes happy with what he has. So far as hes concerned, theres nothing better than the good old stew his wife puts on the table every evening. All Mathilde can think of at the same moment is how much better things could be, and how shed rather be elsewhere. It all seems too low to her.Nothing. Only I have no clothes, and in consequence I cannot go to this party. Give your card to some colleague whose wife has a better outfit than I. (21)Instead of being happy with the invitation her husband has worked so hard to get, Mathildes first reaction is to be angry about it. If shes going to go, she just has to look the best, and she doesnt have any clothes that are nice enough Is she ever happy? Then again, would you want to go to the one nice party youve been invited to looking shabby? Its hard to tell whether Mathildes vanity, or greed, is making her overreact, or whether she does have nothing nice to wear.She saw at first bracelets, then a necklace of pearls, then a Venetian cross of gold set with precious stones of an admirable workmanship. She tried on the ornaments before the glass, hesitated, and could not decide to take them off and to give them up. She kept on asking You havent anything else? (45-46)OK, so the jewel situation looks better Mathildes found a treasure trove of the things. But shes still not satisfi ed. None of them makes her look as good as she wants to look. Her vanity once again seems to be making her greedy.The day of the party arrived. Mme. Loisel was a success. She was the prettiest of them all, elegant, gracious, smiling, and mad with joy. All the men were looking at her, inquiring her name, asking to be introduced. All the attaches of the footlocker wanted to dance with her. The Minister took notice of her. (53)Mathildes the happiest shes ever been when everyone is admiring her. For once in her life, she can live up to the expectations her vanity has set for itself.Quote 6He threw over her shoulders the wraps he had brought to go home in, modest garments of every-day life, the poverty of which was out of keeping with the elegance of the ball dress. She felt this, and wanted to move so as not to be noticed by the other women, who were wrapping themselves up in rich furs. (56)After a successful evening at the ball, Mathildes too proud to let herself be seen wear her s habby wrap. She needs to keep up the illusion. It could be that her rushing off like this is what causes her to lose the necklace.At the end of a week they had lost all hope. And Loisel, aged by five years, declared We must see how we can replace those jewels. (86-87)Why does it never occur to Mathilde or M. Loisel to tell Mme. Forestier theyve lost the necklace? Instead, once they lose hope of finding it, M. Loisel decides the only etymon is to buy a new one. Is he too proud to admit that its been lost? Or is it something else? (See M. Loisels Character Analysis for more of our thoughts on this.)Mme. Loisel intimate the horrible life of the needy. She made the best of it, moreover, frankly, heroically. The frightful debt must be paid. She would pay it. (98)When Mathilde becomes poor, she is forced to work. Getting down to work and paying off the debts seems to make her proud in a new way. She can be proud of her hard work, and of her endurance. Meanwhile, her looks which used to be her pride and joy start to disappear.I brought you back another just like it. And now for ten years we have been paying for it. You will understand that it was not blue for us, who had nothing. At last, it is done, and I am mighty glad. (122)Mathilde is proud of all the work and suffering she and her husband have put into repaying for the necklace. It was an honorable and difficult thing to do. But theyve succeeded.Yes. You did not notice it, even, did you? They were exactly alike?And she smiled with proud and nave joy. (126-127)Mathilde is even more proud to learn that Mme. Forestier didnt notice the difference between her original necklace and the substitute. It adds extra validation to her work she did skillfuly make up for losing the necklace.Mathilde LoiselCharacter AnalysisMathilde Loisel wants to be a glamour girl. Shes obsessed with glamour with fancy, beautiful, expensive things, and the life that accompanies them. Unfortunately for her, she wasnt born into a family with the money to make her dream possible. Instead, she gets married to a little clerk husband and lives with him in an apartment so shabby it brings tears to her eyes (1). Cooped up all day in the house with nothing to do but cry over the chintzy furniture and the fabulous life shes not having, Mathilde hates her life, and probably her husband too. She weeps all day long, from chagrin, from regret, from despair, and from distress (6). She dreams day after day about escaping it all.Mathilde the Material GirlWhen it all comes down to it, Mathildes kind of a material girl. The most obvious thing she wants out of life is expensive stuff.She suffered intensely, feeling herself born for every delicacy and every luxury She let her mind dwell on the quiet vestibules, hung with Oriental tapestries, lighted by tall lamps of bronze, and on the two tall footmen in knee breeches who dozed in the large armchairs, made drowsy by the heat of the furnace. She let her mind dwell on the large parlor s, decked with old silk, with their delicate furniture, supporting precious bric-a-brac, and on the coquettish little rooms, perfumed, prepared for the five oclock chat with the most intimate friends (3)Now why does Mathilde want all of these expensive, material possessions? It doesnt sound like she just wants it because shes money-obsessed. No, for Mathilde, the rich life is attractive because its glamorous, beautiful, exciting, fine, and dis akin(predicate) the dingy apartment in which she lives. The glamorous life has a certain kind of magical allure to it. A lot of the objects Mathilde wants are magical, like the tapestries peopling the walls with ancient figures and with strange birds in a fairy-like forest (4). For Mathilde, being wealthy amounts to living in a fairy tale. Being middle class amounts to boredom. She wants the fairy tale.Does her wish to live the fairy tale life make her greedy? Well, you ever notice how throughout the first part of the story, Mathildes never s atisfied with anything? When her husband brings her the invitation all she can think about is the dress she wants. When she gets the dress, all she can think about is the jewels she doesnt have. And when she visits Mme. Forestier, shes not really satisfied with any of her jewel collection she keeps on asking, You havent anything else? (46). At least until she sees the most fabulous, expensive looking piece of jewelry, that is the diamond necklace.So yes, by many standards, Mathilde is probably greedy. But her greeds not the end of the story. Material things arent the only things she wants. And theres also a deeper reason for her greed dissatisfaction. We cant help but thinking that if she truly were satisfied with her life as it is (i.e., marriage, home, etc.) that she wouldnt be day-dreaming of a life she could never have.Mathilde and MenThe other thing Mathilde wants? Men. Rich, attractive, charming, powerful men. That passage we inverted comma above finishes with the most intima te friends, men well known and sought after, whose attentions all women envied and desired (3). Just a little afterwards, were toldShe would so much have liked to please, to be envied, to be seductive and sought after. (5)Whats interesting about Mathildes man-craze is that she seems to be more interested in seducing men than in the men themselves. Thats because what Mathilde really wants is to be wanted. More than being just desired, Mathilde wants to be glamorous gorgeous, charming, graceful, and thoroughly decked out in diamonds. The ultimate measure of being glamorous just happens to be being attractive to glamorous men. It all forms part of one big glamorous, fairy-tale world, the world about which Mathilde fantasizes.Whats particularly queer to Mathilde is that she knows shes got the natural looks and charms to be a splash with the rich playboy types she wants to impress. She just needs the outward signs of being wealthy, but cant afford the necessary clothing and jewelry. Ma thildes quite vain about her feminine charms. Her vanity may be why shes unwilling to go to the ball unless she looks better than everyone else there. And when she does go to the ball, thats exactly what she isHer triumphThe day of the party arrived. Mme. Loisel was a success. She was the prettiest of them all, elegant, gracious, smiling, and mad with joy. All the menThe Necklace By Guy De MaupassantThe Necklace By Guy De MaupassantI could say that Guy de Maupassants stories are just mundane waste of ink. Reading the story you understand things you have never thought about before or, by contrast, have already faced in your daily life. However, what do people think? Did all of them recognize the same the author did? Each of us should answer this question by own. Years passed but plays, novels on the theme, which Maupassant talked about, are still writing, and films are still shooting, why? There are things, which we remember, and things, which we cannot forget. In this work, I will t ry to describe the story called The Necklace and give wide-eyed and needed for understanding information. The authors person is going to be talked about. Thus, let me start explaining.Henry-Ren-Albert-Guy de MaupassantThe person of Henry-Ren-Albert-Guy de Maupassant is definitely interesting to talk about. Maupassants place of being born is not known in definite however, it was perhaps the Chteau de Miromesniel,Dieppe. His biography is evidently worth of attention, but I will notice the most important and interesting facts of Maupassants life in order to understand his stories better.Maupassants relatives were noble. His parents divorced when he was a little boy of 11 years old. Maupassants first embryos appeared when he was studying at the Rouen Lyce. Little Maupassant was gaining knowledge and skills from his friends he improved his gifts and talents, which helped him in his poetry and writing. Maupassant was a civil servant in the period between 1872 and 1880 years. However, he had never loved working, all his free time Maupassant spent in women pursuit. He had a pseudonym Guy de Valmont, which he used in the articles in the newspapers.The 1880s years were productive and significant in the life of author, because he wrote about 300 short stories and 6 novels, including function books and even a volume of verse. Unfortunately, Maupassant had a syphilis (he was then only 20 years old) that shortly after led him to the increasing of his amiable disability. The author used narcotics, I think trying to be rescue from awful and cruel headaches he suffered from. Critics have mentioned that Maupassant describes his diseases in some of his stories, well-favored main characters and heroes his own painful suffering and struggling.Allan Edgar Poe is one of those, whose stories encouraged Maupassant and made him to go through the same paths as Poe did (in some fiction execration stories). Stephen Kings novel The shining encouraged Maupassant when he was writing The Inn, which is very similar and common to The shining.I am sure it will be fitly to notice some Maupasants lyric poem to understand his nature in full length Now listen carefully Marriage, to me, is not a kitchen range but an association. I must be free, entirely unfettered, in all my actions -my coming and my going I can tolerate neither control, jealousy, nor lit crit as to my conduct. I pledge my word, however, never to compromise the name of the man I marry, nor to render him ridiculous in the eyes of the world. But that man must promise to look upon meas an equal, an ally, and not as an inferior, or as an obedient, submissive wife. My ideas, I know, are not like those of other people, but I shall never change them (Liukkonen, 2008, pg 2).The Necklace by Guy de MaupassantHowever, The Necklace at first was published in the newspaper Le Gaulois in Paris, France on February 17, 1884. It was a part of Maupassants collection of short stories called Tales of Day and Night, which appeared in 1885. She was one of those pretty and charming girls born, as though fate had blundered over her, into a family of artisans. She had no marriage portion, no expectations, no means of getting known, understood, loved, and wedded by a man of wealth and distinction and she let herself be married off to a little clerk in the Ministry of Education with these words we faces in the beginning of the story and meeting a main character Madame Mathilde Loisel. She had a dream common to the American dream. She wants to become rich and have leisure. The story teaches readers many things. The middle-class Matilda discovers many ironic nuances through the story. talk about the plot of the story, should be noticed that Maupassant is definitely talented, taking in account not much words he needed to beautify many ideas and problems, which worries the humanity through the centuries. The story tells about middle-class woman Matilda, who wants to impress the society.Matilda Loisel was in vited on the high-society affair (because her husband worked there), unfortunately, she understood that she had nothing to wear. A husband, Loisel, gave her money to buy a dress. Being unsatisfied, Matilda borrows a necklace from good friend Madame Forestier. After the affair, Matilda finds out that necklace is lost. Loisels started to find money to buy a new necklace Loisel possessed eighteen thousand franks, which his father had left him. He borrowed it, asking for a thousand francs of one, five hundred of another, five louis of this one, and three louis of that one (The Necklace, pg 7).Finally, Loisels bought the same necklace and brought it to Madame Forestier. However, she said to the Matilda, who was proud and happy to give back the necklace, that her necklace was fake and coasted about 500 francs To give money back Loisels have to have many limitations. Ten years of Matildas life have been robbed and for what? For an evening of vanity and pride (Barthes, 2004, pg 1).Conclusi onHowever, the story is successful among readers. It teaches readers many profitable things. It triggers many emotions and feelings, especially sorrow and sadness. I liked how Maupassant said in his The Necklace How strange life is, how fickle How little is needed to ruin or to save I agree with these words.The Necklace is worth of attention, undoubtedly The story is about pride going before the fall. Hardship is the known word for Matilda, but did she know what were the reasons of it? All money she earned during ten years she paid for one evening People learn from the story how much one can pay for its pleasure and pride. Thus, Guy de Maupassant brought a lot of deduction in the literature of whole world. Moreover, it is going with out saying and any doubt. References1. Barthes, Roland. TheEiffelTowerand Other Mythologies. Tr. Howard, Richard.BerkeleyUniversityofCaliforniaPress. 2004.2. Clyde K. Hyder, Algernon Swinburne The Critical Heritage, 1995, p.185.3. Harriss, Joseph. Th e Tallest Tower. Unlimited Publishing LLC, 2004, pg 15, 16.4. James, Henry. Guy de Maupassant, reprinted in his partial tone Portraits, Macmillan, 1888, pp. 243-87.5. Liukkonen, Petri and Personen, Ari. Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893) in full Henry-Ren-Albert-Guy de Maupassant. Kuusankosken kaupunginkirjasto, 2008.6. Matthews, Brander, ed. The Short-Story Specimens Illustrating Its Development.New York American Book Company, 1907 Bartleby.com, 2000. .7. Maupassant, Guy de. The necklace and other short stories. Courier Dover Publications, 1992.

Symbolism Interpretation of Marriage Rites: Kom Marriage

Symbolism Interpretation of join Rites Kom matingABSTRACTThis paper go forth take a look at kom handed-downistic wedding nonice solemnitys and the four stages the constitute the actual sexual nitty-gritty in Kom. It leave aloneing deject by citing where Kom is situated, the various 8 satellite villages that made up the Kom common people, which be Achain, Akei, Baiso, Baicham, Bueni, Mbesinaku, Mbenkas and Mejang. How they perceived pronounceure, how uniting is designd in this society. This ethnographical regulate go forth excessively look at the four stages of man and wife in this corporation which comprises of courtship, Si Lun Ibi ( to ask for Kola- which means ask the girls elapse for marriage), Ndo Wi ( the house of the wife) and ultimately the actual traditional marriage which is the Ncha Wi ( the chains of the wife). During the course of collecting info I switch take in to consideration the exemplary definition of marriage services during the f our stages of marriage particularly the use of imagery. The paper impart also focus on the importance of marriage and the factors that prohibits marriage in this society. Lastly, the paper allow for look at the socio ethnic evolution of marriage in kom, trying to comp argon the ancient and present marriage, the effect on the Kom tradition and its undual-lanes. Also the ways of over coming transgressors involved in this marriageTo effectively carry unwrap and communicate this ethnographic work, opposite kickoffs and techniques allow be used to collect and analyze the data respectively. diametrical secondary source allow be efficiently utilized. As regards uncomplicated sources, field trips, interviews, coach observations, questionnaires and other methods used to carry out ethnographic research will be exploited, the use of native narration. Fin e trulyy, data will be analysed with the use of both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Tables, percentages, charts and g raphs will be used later sorting, classify analyzing and interpreting the data.INTRODUCTION espousals in Kom is believed to be the oldest social body that has ever existed invented by homo. Marriage ceremony in Kom consuetude four stages and a series of ceremonys, these rites argon very exemplary in traditional marriage process.Marriage in kom begins with secret seeing between the boy and the girl until they deplete decided to sire it official for their families. The trade union of man and cleaning lady in Kom compulsorily begins with introduction which is not a form of marriage but the path to marriage this is the very archetypally step which makes marriage as make doledgeableness. A man or woman piece of tail obtain a prestigious traditional title when he/she is wed. This goes alongside with trinity weighty aspects that accompanied marriage. Wain (a small fry), ifuonjini (food) iyamngvin (the jungle animal). These three Kom three fingers be very important any mar ried mates lives in that a successful family must(prenominal) have children food and the head of the family must be bullnecked to defend and protect and fend for the family. While the woman must provide food take care of the children and be strong as the jungle animal to carryout her matrimonial duties.Marriage in Kom flowerpot both be polygamous or monogamous it depends on the unmarried concerned. Apart from the traditional marriage which comprises of three main phrases of which families choose either to do all or just one, there are also rough other forms of marriages the civil marriage, and the religious marriages. These two other marriages are choices of families thus they are not of traditional importance to the Kom society. What can be defined as a marriage bit is the marriage rite which plays an important role in marriage ceremony. With the absence of these rites the marriage procedure is considered fruitless. As time is passing by the Kom concourse have experienced evolution in marriage procedure and rites, that is why this paper will seek to start out while marriage have evolved? What have caused the evolution? and the effect of it on traditional marriage rites and Kom tradition as a whole which the people see it as occupationatic to their culture. hassle STATEMENTIn matrilineal societies desire kom bride-wealth is not transferred because the children belong to the wifes order or lineage and will inherit from their mothers group the husbands heirs are his sisters children, and not his own children who instead inherit from his wifes brothers, their maternal uncles. In Kom tradition, the groom is asked to generate bride price in cash and in material form like the various drums of oil, meat fire wood and host of other subsidiaries. This grand demands scared many young manpower from tieing. several(prenominal) migrate and work in the plantations for year to get the necessary items for marriage, this make intimately of them to marry late since they have to work for years to obtain what will be demanded from them by their prosperous in laws.Another factor that hinders marriage is the cultural notion of witchcraft, the period given to the grooms family to wait, is usually the time the brides family consults a divine to know the social background of the groom. The things they always look for are witchcraft, murderer, disorder like madness, and mysterious death. When any of these ills are found they proposal will be turned down. The fact that marriage at times is strategic it is a problem to these people because background survey must be done to accord marriage which means it is not based on recognise.Intercultural marriages are also a hindrance to marriage in Kom, parents do not allow their child to marry out of the tribe because some cultural ideologies. For recitation daughters and countersigns are no figure to get married to Bayangi tribe this because the tribe is noted for sorcery. A kom daughter or son that d oes this, invites evil into the tribe thus some people remain unmated because the tho companion suitable for marriage is from this tribe.Forceful marriages also hinders to marriage, in this society people are forced to marry because of poverty. For example the familys only way to recover its investment in a daughter may be to have her married in exchange for a dowry. well-nigh fathers forced their daughters into marriages with men wealthy enough to give cattle, goats and money in some cases the father owns the responsibility to get a wife for his first son. Thus he forces his girl child to a man who will devote her bride wealth so that it can be transferred to his sons wife. The optence of the individual is considered insignificant, in this situation even if the marriage holds it does not last for long, the couple end up in devoice.Education brings about class separatism in the society, people who are educated go for educated partners for marriage .Those who carry the w eight -spot of this cultural practice are the females, and there is the problem of discrepancies in social values some parents, especially in Kom, prefer sending only their male children to school and keeping the females at home. They urge that female education is a bad investment, the educated female child would later grow up and marry into another family, and so all her education would only benefit her husband and her new family. With modernity these girls suffer a set back in marriage because they educated men go looking for learned women even out of the tribe.RESEARCH psycheTo what extent has the socio cultural evolution of marriage affected traditional marriage rites and Kom culture?With respect to this main research question the following particularized questions can be asked.What is marriage to a Kom man?Why do people marry?Who is entitled to marriage?What age is one suppose to get married?Is marriage same today as the past?What are the changes?What are the causes of these chang es?What are the impacts of these changes on marriage?OBJECTIVESTo answer the supra questions, the following objectives shall be considered.Specific objectivesTo point out the evolution of traditional marriage rites from past to presentTo assess the effect of evolution on Kom cultureTo investigate the strategies they are using to maintain these ritesFinally to treasure the positive effects of evolution in this institution of marriage.METHODOLOGYThis investigation will be carried out in dissentent parts of the eight satellites villages that make up the Kom kingdom.The methodology use will be divided into two parts data collection and data analysis. info and culture CollectionData for ethnographic work will be amass from primary and secondary sourcesAcquisition of Secondary dataData will be collected from both published and unpublished secondary sources. They will include documents and relevant web sites on the Internet. These documents will include textbooks, archives, dissertation s thesis, journals, periodicals, powder store and native narratives.Acquisition of Primary DataThis will involve fieldwork. Fieldwork constitutes a major source of data in anthropological research. That is field trips, interviews, direct observations and questionnaires. This will be in light to obtain information symbolic interpretation of marriage rites different parts of the eight villages. Approximately cxxx people will be interviewed, random sampling methods will be used to interview those concerned. This will be accomplished by slack interviews and interaction with the main actors. Participant observation will not be lift out since this will help to get first hand information on how the marriage rites is being carried out. This information will be collected with respect to the social, cultural and historical perspective of the tribeData AnalysesAfter collecting these data, it is going to be sorted, classified, analyzed and interpreted. The data will be analysed with the use o f both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Tables, percentages, charts and graphs will be used.DELINEATION RESEARCH DOMAINThematic enactment of Research subjectMarriage is a social, religious and traditional legal union of individuals that creates kinship. It is the oldest institution which can be found in every human culture, although the forms and rules differ either polygamy, monogamy etc.All traditional marriages ceremonies have rites that give it a special grandeur. These rites are having symbolic meaning attached to the people of a particular culture. The word symbolic comes from the word symbol which can be anything such as objects, picture, sound, sign, mark, or any gesture that represents a different meaning, for example cam wood symbolises blood or danger and flannel stands for purity. at that arrayfore, symbolism is the ironical representation of something that carries a particular meaning. Marriage rites are all symbols and meaning of different things in differ ent cultural context. exploitation is simply the act of change from one stage to another for example the change of traditional marriage rite from past to present.Geographical and Socio-Cultural Delineation of Study AreaKom is one of 250 indigenous ethnic groups or tribe of Cameroon which is situated about is 50 miles from the North West capital of Bamenda. There almost 126,000 inhabitants with an area of about 300 square miles. Kom is found in Boyo division with its administrative capital Fundong. It has three sub divisions Belo, Njinikom and Bum. There are 8 satellites villages that make up this tribe Achain, Akei, Baiso, Baicham, Bueni, Mbesinaku, Mbenkas and Mejang. The people speak Itaing Ikom as their language it is the only unique tribe in the province that practice matrilineal line of descend where succession and marriage enthronement lies in the mother line.LITERATURE REVIEWTraditional marriage is a very interesting topic and has been of great concern to researchers and writ ers. They have tried to know what married is all about, those involved in married, the rites fulfiled during traditional marriage that station as members of that community, and the problems they face in married. They are also seeking to aim some proposed solutions to these problems. The works of these researchers or writers will be analyzed in regard to this ethnographic research work in the subsequent paragraph. tally by the (Journal of Religion and Science Published 15 2005 2010 by the joint publication Board of Zygon, rituals serves to express those cosmic beliefs not for the scientific office of explaining or controlling the cosmos but for the existential purpose of bragging(a) human beings a sharpenin it. This journal points out that it expresses beliefs about society not only by keeping human beings in their social place but giving them a social place. The traditional rite perform during traditional marriage in Kom gives the couple concern a place in the society of Kom. It gives them the base to perfom other rituals within their marriage and out of the marriage unit also thus it gives them a wider place in the social unit in the society.(Jayaram V 2000-2010 Hinduwebsite.com). He potrays the marriage rite perfom by the Hindu society during traditional wedding, the fire ceremony ( homam). The inspirational fire is lit and the priests chant sacred mantras offering obligations to various gods to make marriage a succes and bless the couple. This is in line with the Komtraditional marriage rite where fire is the only objectthat lits the house when the bribe is being bnrought forward to the would be family. This rite symbilse unity and love between the two families, to the Kom people is the source of food and food brings love and unity to families andthe society at expectant.(John border 2000 ) in his writing states that marriage is a sacrament of marital love which finds its further expression in parents love for fruit of their sexuality. This was th e case in Kom in the past, marriage was considered to be fruitful if their union was blessed with children. Today, this education is far fetch people get married not because the unavoidableness to get children but because they have some other particular string section attached to it for wealth and adventure. Thus children are not really important in marriage in kom as compare to the past. You can find a family without children, therefore marriage as a sacrament of marital love which finds its further expression in parents love for their sexuality is besides exist.(Kramers K Gthinji 2008 ) view point about traditional marriage , is a marriage between between a man and woman which is the most acceptable form of marriage in the society. To him traditional marriage conforms to the traditional culture and religion and this can be polygamy or monogamy. These marriage categories is cultural accepted by it depends on individual to chose which type of marriage to go in to. In Kom polygam y was the highly practise marriage this was because a large family means wealth. Those who could not afford enough to go for many wives practiced monogamy. With the evolution of time and modernity,marriage in this society is monogamy people scarce do go for polygamous marriages again.CONCLUSIONMarriage is a union between people and it is the oldest institution that has ever existed since from creation when God created man woman as husband and wife. Marriage should be based on love it should not be a trade where human beings are sold as commodities as the case of bride price, where men are tasked to pay higher bride price if the bride is educated. Some traditional rites should be modernised, traditional leaders should put a moderate price for bride price and a fix amount of material goods for this purpose if only if the goods are of important to the marriage. Some rite should be kept out of the scene of marriage. In a nut shell marriage rituals are good because they attaches a ac cord important to marriage, some of them are prayers for a fruitful marriage. The evolution of marriage its rite has played a very tremendous role in the Kom society both positively and negatively.REFERENCESCarol Ann Muller 1999 Rituals of Fertility and the give of Desire. Nazarite Womens Performance in South Africa. Publishing House .the University of Chicago labor Chicago and London.J.L Comaroff 1980 The Meaning Of Marriage Payment.Linda.S Cordell, Stephen J. Beckerman 1980 The Versality of KinshipRoy Willis 1975 The Interpretation of Symbolism.S.E Smith 2006 Marriage Past and Present, Future?Pro Devisch Rennat 2008/2009 Course Document.Wayne Jackson July 28, 2004 As intentional by God.Goody, Jack, and S. J. Tambiah. 1973. Bride wealth and Dowry. Cambridge, U.K.Cambridge University Press.J. L. Cmaroff 1980 The Meaning of Marriage Payment.Kuper, Adam. 1982. Wives for Cattle Bride wealth and Marriage in Southern Africa.Meyer Fortes 1972 Marriage in the Tribal SocietiesSheila Elli son 2000 The courage to Be a Single Mother Becoming Whole Again after Divorce.S E Smith 2006 Marriage past, and present, future.Wayne Jackson, July 28 2004 Marriage As Designed by GodMaggie Gallagher, 2001 What is marriage for? Public purposes or Marriage Law.

Changing Pattern of Consumer Behaviour

Changing Pattern of Consumer BehaviourToday organizations deal a deep insight into consumer deportment and its changing patterns in come in up to survive in the market come to the fore. Large organizations stomach passing deft individuals recruited to bundle up cultivation middling the consumers constantly changing require and dilutes so that they whoremaster get foc rehearsed on what is required by consumer so that they flowerpot cater those lacks as accurately and efficiently as possible .Harrods is maven and only(a) of the adult males most well-k nary(prenominal)n de get outment stores situated on Brampton Road in Knightsbridge, in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, capital of the United Kingdom, England It was established in 1849 as a small food increase store with only two financial aiders. Today, it offers its customers with e very involvement from food to fashion, furniture to sportswear plus 20 in-store restaurants serving every variety of c uisine imaginable from pizza to sushi. Services kitchen stove from piano correct to fitting saddles. Must-see sights include the Food Halls, the Egyptian Hall and the Pet Department. (Visit London)Harrods recentr tenure of great success has lately seen a falling tr pole up in its sales. Harrods, therefore, has pass on analyse the deportment of its consumers more closely in roam to know the tenablenesss of this unfortunate decline in sales. This report contains an digest of this study, external trances and how they apprize be used dogmaticly to augment the sales It mentions the strategies Harrods throw show up use in ready to get the same laureate and prestigious face back in the marketplace. project 1 impress of External InfluencesAn insight into the doings of consumers at HarrodsHarrods is a high end departmental store which offers a great range of products and services. Once open as a small grocery deceive has now maturate to become a good example for swi sh and glamourous shop, complementing itself on its motto Omnia Omnibus Ubique which g everywherenment long timency that both things, for all people, everywhere. It is renowned close Harrods that you displace debase anything you can name at Harrods, from a tomentum pin to furniture. (go there guide)Consumer behaviour is a study of when, how and where people buy or do non buy trustworthy products or services. When buy a product, consumers usually go through with(predicate) several stages which can be named as submit recognition, information search, paygrade of antithetic purchase options, purchase decision and post purchase behaviour e.g. a need rise when you see your current television set is out dated and sensibly old fashion or whitethorn be its broken. You decide that you motive a new television and then number 1 looking for antithetical options transferring yourself to the next stage and you arrive looking for which television to buy and from which place this is the stage when Harrods should come in the oral sex of a consumer. Then a consumer evaluates between different available options which Harrods has advantage of providing consumer all chthonic one roof and then finally he buys a product. (East, 2008)Harrods is considered a glamorous shopping place. Though nearly everything is available at Harrods hardly the alonet end market segment that Harrods focuses on is the upper split. This is the market segment the forethought at Harrods keeps in promontory while carrying out its marketing activities. masses visiting Harrods whitethorn kick the bucket to any age radical but majority of them belong to the sociable class A and expect a service that is up to the mark. They expect that the product available at Harrods would belong to the highest of the qualities available.Marketers define four types of buying behaviours and it is establish on the type of products that the consumer intends to buy. each(prenominal) four types of buying behaviors can be witnessed in the consumers at Harrods as a vast range of products argon available at Harrods. colonial buying behaviourThis where the soulfulness purchases a high value deformity and inquires to the highest degree a lot of information before the purchase is made. This whitethorn be when a consumer is buying a very expensive furnish of Paul Smith Black at HarrodsHabitual buying behaviourThis is when nearbody purchases a product out of routine e.g. a workaday newspaper, sugar or salt. This is applicable for a consumer buying grocery from the grocery sectionVariety seeking buying behaviourIt is when the person worrys to shop around and try out with different products. whatsoever consumers at Harrods do not have the incident taint in mind forward when they shop for any product so they experiment different discolorations. fraudulent scheme reducing buying behaviourThis is the type of behaviour when buyer is extremely concerned with the purchase of the product, because the purchase is expensive or occasional. An example could be buying expensive furniture at Harrods. (Micheal.R.Solomon, 2005)The management at Harrods call for to keep all these consumer behaviour theories like what makes consumer buy a product, what diverseness of behaviours can they adopt while shopping at Harrods in mind and work outs can cause a adjustment in consumer buying patterns in mind while they interest their management decisions. They specially need to be aw be of the expectations of their consumers and what exactly they want from Harrods in order to improve and grow the loop holes which might be pass offing to a fall in sales.External Factors may influence Buying BehaviourConsumer behaviour can be affected by various factors that may be highly uncontrollable by marketers. These external factors may include the opinion of your friends, the determine and the way you be brought up, the media, the culture, certain groups you interact with a nd so on all told of these external factors be mentioned in details with respect to the consumers of Harrods as follows finaleCulture does influence consumer behaviour culture is defined as our posts and beliefs. The point that we need to know here is the way these attitudes and beliefs be developed. As a person matures, a child is influenced by his pargonnts, siblings and other family members who may educate them about rights and wrongs. They learn about their religion and culture, which helps them develop these opinions, attitudes and beliefs.. (Micheal.R.Solomon, 2005)Geographical CultureHarrods postulate to understand the culture of people nutriment in London. The way they are brought up and what their determine are. Do people living in London like to go to glamorous shopping places like Harrods? Are they pleasant shopping at such high end places? What are their buying drives and do they prefer thumping shopping places everyplace small ones? arsehole people living th ere afford to buy expensive or do they usually expire this much on average? All these questions need to be answered in order understand the psyche of consumers living in London and cater them consort to their needs.If we go back into history, UK is a class based society and roughly remains of such behaviour are still existent. People who belong to a high class do like to show off and go to high end places but as time is passing this frame of mind is changing. This change of mind may be one of the factors chokeing to fall in demand for Harrods.SubcultureSubcultures can be defined as members that possess beliefs, value and customs that set them apart from other members of the same society. There can be nationality, ethnic, racial, geographical or religious sub cultures.People be to various parts of the world and belonging to various sets of beliefs and norms live in London, which leads a complex set of people who may have different beliefs and norms mixed up. Understanding and ca tering to all of them is not very existent but Harrods needs have knowledge regarding major subcultures so that its products are designed according to it and their do not hurt anyones beliefs and norms. (Leon G Schiffman, 1997) international CultureIn order to make sure that the products it is offering is in line with the Global culture, Harrods needs to study the global trends of buying behaviour as well. Generally people around the domain have started preferring large shopping malls over small specific buying areas. This facilitates a consumer in a way that all the products are available under one roof. As people are getting more and busier with their work lives, this saves time. yet the world is also moving towards better quality products and services. Designer change state and fashion adorn are getting popular. Brands are getting global. This trend of customers goes in favour of Harrods. Multinationals have the brought the consumer base to one platform which in a way has hel ped marketers to understand complex behaviours. (my library)Reference GroupsReference group is an actual or imaginary individual or group conceal of having significant relevance upon an individuals evaluations, aspirations and behaviour.Marketers have seen that university extension groups can strongly influence buying behaviours. Reference groups are particular set of people some people may look up towards to that have an jounce on consumer behaviour. So they can be only a band like the Savage Garden or your direct family members. Marketers have grouped reference groups into classes to comprehend the way the influence more clearly. (Micheal.R.Solomon, 2005)Types of Reference GroupsNormativeSome group and individuals are more powerful than others and affect a broader range of consumption decisions. A very good example would be family. Your fostering rightfully has a strong influence on your likes and dislikes, definitions of right and wrong. Family values and practices usually d o not change and develop basic standards of behavior. If a family is used shop from department stores or else than individuals outlets or it may be particularly Harrods then this practice may be passed on to further generations as well and this how the cycle goes on. (M.Khan, 2007)ComparativeThese are the people you equal yourself to and can relate to e.g. friends, neighbors or a club you are a member of. Some of these may be ones you aspire and want to imitate. A person may start shopping from Harrods because a friend of his shops from Harrods and he likes it very much and recommended him as well. (M.Khan, 2007)Reference groups can further be divided into direct and mediate reference groups direct are the ones you have contact in person with and indirect may be the ones you may not have direct contact with such as celebrities. (Balythe, 2008)Marketers cannot in a flash manipulate your direct reference groups or use them for their benefits but indirect reference groups can easil y be used by marketers. Harrods needs to study about its consumers reference groups and use them in its favour. If Harrods serves its existing consumers really well they pass on mechanically prove to be a capable reference group for some electromotive force consumers. They can also use celebrity endorsements referent powers. (Wagner, 2003)Opinion leaderOpinion leaders are the people who have greater knowledge about a certain thing than a lay man so you respect their views and that may influence consumer behaviour. Most of the times it would really affect the behaviour if the thing to buy is a highly technological product, may be a hi-tech computer and the opinion leader in that case may be a computer expert. (CL Tyagi, 2004)Economic EnvironmentEconomic milieu has a great influence on buying behaviour. People usually spend more during good economic times and during an economic roar and likewise less during recessions.Lately aggregate demand around the globe felt out-of-pocket to global recession. People were out of jobs and businesses were heading towards a downfall which left people with less disposable incomes on march on to spend. This may also be one of the factors leading to Harrods reduced sales. (Angus Deaton, 1980) contestationCompetition is another factor which influences the consumer behavior. This provides consumers with more options available so they start comparing between the available options and selects the one which benefits them the most. Harrods has a few potential competitors mentioned belowSelfridgesThere is store called Selfridges Co. It is also one of the largest areas in the world with 540,000 sq.ft of selling area. It is located on the Oxford Street which is a prime posh location. Like Harrods, it is also famous among consumers for providing a large range of products and services. The exit between Harrods and Selfridges could be that Selfridges is more focused towards entertainment as it has 15 bars, cafes and restaurants insi de the area. It has two more smaller department stores, one in Manchester and the other in (business week)Marks and SpencerAnother strong tilt would be Marks and Spencer (MS). It is a British retail chain and it has 330 department stores and over 340 food location all over UK. It does not operate in UK only but has over 300 locations in countries including Indonesia, South Korea, India and China. The factor that differentiates M S from Harrods is that it core range consists of mid- belld household items, fashion apparel and other products whereas Harrods is designed for the best or may be for everything rather a narrowed specific price range.M S has been in this market for more than 100 years and has been ranked as the no. 1 supplier of women wear. Moreover, the company makes 90% of its sales in its phratry country which certainly is UK. It can give Harrods a tough competition if Harrods get crimson a bitty bit lenient in its services (business week)Fortnum MasonThis is 300 y ear old department store. It is very famous for its food which includes jams, teas, and sauces. It also supplies Queen with annual Christmas puddings. It has five restaurants and though it generates most of its sales from food but it also sells gifts, luggage, household products, cosmetics etc.Though its product range and the area of focus are not exactly same as Harrods but it can be counted as a competition and was mentioned by a number of consumers at Harrods. (business week)Task 2 Recommended targeting outlinePerceptionA study of tender-hearted perception can also help marketers to understand the consumer behaviour. Perception is the march by which people select, organize and interpret their sensations where sensation is how are sensory receptors (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers) to basic stimuli such as light, colour, sound, odor and texture. Like a computer system human mind also processes the information in order to perceive things. (Martin E Evans, 2009)This is the age of sensory marketing. Marketers make use of concern of sensations on consumers product experiences. They use vision, hearing, touch and taste in order to take a shit an public figure of the gull in the minds of the consumer to spend a penny a militant advantage. Marketers try and throw crosss unique association with the sensation. (Hawyer, 2008)Harrods may use a certain trade dress which is colour combining an organization uses so frequently that consumers start associating that brand with that colour combination. Whenever they see that colour combination around their mind recalls the brand in sub-consciousness. This is how marketers create an cooking stove that can last very long in the minds of the consumers through our sensations as consumers start associating those brands to different things.Consumers perception about the brand consists of both its functional attributes as well as the symbolic attitudes. Functional attitudes may include its price its features etc. and s ymbolic may include its image. Marketers have discovered that consumers evaluation of a certain product is more dependent on what it means rather than what it does. This meaning has more to do with products market position and it may be more to do with our expectations of the product as communicated by its colour, forwarding and styling rather than the product itself. (Kathy Niel, 2007)Therefore, Harrods should use these tools of sensation in order to create an image of Harrods that consumers cannot forget an image that stays in the minds. It should create a certain sensation so that consumers can associate the brand with that sensation. This automatically attracts a consumer towards a brand as it creates a certain stir in the minds of the consumers that lasts for very longer periods of time.AttitudeAttitude is actually a learned behaviour. They may be favourable and unfavourable attitude for a product or a service. Marketers say that attitudes have the quality of motivation, they can lead consumer towards certain behaviour or can even close off him from doing so. Harrods should try and develop a positive attitude about itself in the minds of the consumers. (Micheal.R.Solomon, 2005)Harrods have had certain issues which may lead to a negative attitude. Harrods in order to maintain its glamorous image threw a lady out from the store. Eilene Kadden, from California, was ejected from the store because she did not have the right image she was too fat. such(prenominal) kinds of incidents adversely affect the image of the brand and such incidents can lead to negative attitudes for the brand in the minds of the consumers. Harrods should respect its customers irrespective of race, colour, ethnicity and physical attributes of a person.Tri-Component Attitude ModelAccording to this model attitude consists of three agents which are cognitive, affective and conative helpings. (Micheal.R.Solomon, 2005)The cognitive component consists of persons cognitions i.e. his knowl edge and perception about the brand. This may be formed by a combination direct characterization and from other sources. Harrods should create a positive slump in the minds of the consumers through its image, service and behaviour.The affective component is more about the cutaneous senses of the consumer. How associate and emotionally attached he is to the brand. A family might be shopping from Harrods from last three generations and may develop an emotional attachment to the store. These emotions can further affect the actions of the consumers. They van be negative as well.The Conative component deals with the actual behaviour of the consumer, it is also called the consumers intention to buy.This model can help Harrods to develop a positive attitude among its current and tailed consumers. Harrods should try to factually as well emotionally create a positive feeling about the brand.SelfSelf-concept is the beliefs that customer holds about himself. It can be positive as well as negative. At times you feel that a part of you is more positive. People buy products which they can relate to themselves. What is the reason that social class A is the major consumer at Harrods? It is that all the products are designed keeping the social class as a target market segment and so they can relate to it.Positioning StrategyThis is the way a brand portrays itself and places itself in the minds of the consumers. Positioning a brand is a very crucial task. This is what can either make a brand or break a brand. When a marketer targets a certain market segments, it intends to different itself from the other brands through its competitive advantage.How to PositionWhen a brand is to position itself, the very first step when a business decides to enter the market to describe the market in which the brand is to enter and to struggle. The market where Harrods is to compete is London. It is posh area where people spend money to avail highest quality products and services. The next step would be to collect information from the relevant consumers about what perception do they have regarding the competing brands in the market. Harrods needs to understand what attributes regarding the shopping stores are most favourable in the minds of the consumers. It needs a complete knowledge about the likes, dislikes, preferences and frame of mind of the relevant consumers it intends to target. It needs to determine the share of mind of all the competing brands which are mentioned above including Selfridges, Marks and Spencer, Fortnum and Masom. It needs to rank the competitors and the attributes which would be hard to compete. At the end it needs to position itself using the combination of the preferable attributes and attributes of the brand itself to capture a territory in the minds of the consumer.Era of MarketingThis is the age of Marketing. Marketing a brand is becoming more important than the product itself. The Marketers study the market in detail, segment the market into different segments based on demographics and psychographics and then select the most profitable segment as the targeted segment. All the products and services are then designed keeping that particular segment in mind. All the decisions are also taken in accordance to that particular targeted segment. (Gerit Antonides, 1998)Harrods instead of taking decsions keeping the products and services in mind, needs to take decisions keeping the preferences of targeted consumers in mind. If a certain brand in preffered and renowned in US but people in UK prefer other brands over it which may even be of slightly lower quality, opting for that brand of better quality would not be sure decision. Harrods has taken some bad decesions in the bygone to save its glamorous image it has kept a range of brands which are not even liked by most of the people in London which is a failure for Harrods to understand the psyche of its consumers.Suitable Positiong Strategy for HarrodsThe three major posi tioning concepts known among the marketers and they are functional, symbolic and experiential position. Functional position is when the firm shows itself as the solution to enigmas. It call forths the benefits that can provide and gain a favourable position.Symbolic postioning is when a organization uses its image, belongingness and egoistic image which provides the comsumers with social meaningfulness. This is the kind of positioning suitable for an organization like Harrods and this is what it has been doing in the past as well but a certain change is needed to make this symbolic position better. These changings would be mentioned further in the report.existential position is when an oraganization makes use of the consumers sensory and cognitive stimulation and the concepts of perception to create an image in the minds of the consumers that consumers can relate to.Harrods Current PositioningHarrods has positioned itself as a high-end, glamorous, luxurious and high end departmen t store. It has not positioned itself as a department store but as an unforgettable experience. Harrods has a reputation for excellence and a motto Everything for Everybody Everywhere. Consumers know it as a place where you can buy everything. From sugar and potatoes to luxurious cars, everything is available at the Harrods. The major component or competitive advantage that Harrods has used is its gallant image and variety.Repositioning HarrodsSome of the Harrods policies to maintain its high end image has in turn adversely affecting its reputation. The incidents of forcing people out due to their physical appearance and strict dress code rules make customers inconvenient and lead to a negative impression. Harrods need to add a component of reconditeness in its positioning statement. The feeling that one gets when he hears about Harrods is of arrogance and attitude. A tinge of humbleness needs to be added to the image in order to create a positive impression.Harrods should try and create an image of an milieu friendly organization. People once protested against Harrods selling wolf fur. Such kind of incidents would not happen if you have you have a complete knowledge about youre the culture and values of targeted consumers and people around.Harrods should win the brands operating inside the store to promote green environment and say as many environment friendly products as they can and take steps for protecting the environment from every kind of pollution. This will lead to a responsible image about in Harrods in the minds of the consumers which will definitely in turn improve the sales.Online and Offline Positioning MessagesAs mentioned under the heading of repositioning Harrods, Harrods needs to promote a tinge of humbleness with its glamorous image. The current motto used by Harrods is Everything for Everybody Everywhere and All things, for all people, everywhere which portrays that literally everything is available at Harrods.Messages like Everything that you need because we care would promote an image of care and responsibility on part of the organization. This would portray that the organization is not selfish about its own benefits only. The attitude of the employees in the store will automatically depict the position and set a mark in the minds of the consumers.Moreover for offline positioning, Harrods can launch campaigns for environment protection. It can sponsor such activities in order to create an impact and show that it actually cares and contributing towards the society.ConclusionHarrods is a very famous and well known brand. It has successfully achieved its targets and continuously ameliorate and expanded over the years. Its management worked efficiently to satisfy the needs of its consumers. It was clear and focused on the segment it was targeting and therefore tailored its products accordingly.Due to some external factors and some of the bad decisions that Harrods took declined its sales. The image that Harrods w as enjoying is slightly damaged but its not late to make for the mistakes in the past.Moreover, every firm needs to innovate and re-position itself according to changing environment. Harrods in order to earn its position back needs to make slight changes in its positioning. It should get more humble towards its customers and promote environmentally friendly products.Task 3 Individual Critical look on Learning OutcomesCritical Reflection on Learning Outcomes forward the start of the mental faculty, I was not sure of whether it will further grow my learnedness or not. The theories I was to expected to apply in the module were the ones I had already studied several times so I was not looking forward to any further new learning and experience.As I started working on the module and started gathering information about Harrods, I realized that my perception about the module was solo wrong. Though I didn.t learn anything new in the module but it gave me an opportunity to apply what I h ave learned in a real career situation. All the concepts and course material that I studied in the course was practically applied to solve the given problem of reduced sales.Moreover, while I was studying for the course I had an impression that most of the concepts mentioned in the course books are only for theoretical purposes and are not used or helpful to the firms in real life situations. My opinion was proven wrong while I working on the module as I saw that firms do use these concepts and they do help them in understanding the behaviour of consumers which is critical for their success.This module was a great experience. Though collecting information and analysis was a little tough and tiresome but it was worth it. The data collection on the external factors influencing the consumer behavior was really difficult classifying it and coming up with utile results and conclusions was even more troublesome. This module specifically enhanced my analytical skills and improved my conf idence of practically applying theoretical knowledge.ReferencesAngus Deaton, J. M. (1980). Economics and consumer behaviour.Balythe, J. (2008). Consumer Behaviour.business week. (n.d.). Retrieved opulent 27, 2010, from business week http//investing.businessweek.com/researchCL Tyagi, A. K. (2004). Consumer Behaviour.East, R. (2008). Consumer Behaviour.Gerit Antonides, W. F. (1998). Consumer Behaviour.go there guide. (n.d.). Retrieved sniffy 2010, 28, from go there guide http//www.gothereguide.comHawyer, W. D. (2008). Consumer Behaviour.Kathy Niel, S. P. (2007). Consumer Behaviour Implications for marketing strategy.Leon G Schiffman, H. H. (1997). consumer behaviour.M.Khan. (2007). Consumer Behaviour.Martin E Evans, G. F. 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