Juvenile delinquents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenile delinquents - Essay Example Most of society’s informal actions consist of education through counseling and corrective steps where the government or an NGO are involved. Society’s formal actions are more foreboding and can involve law enforcement agencies such as the police and law courts. There are many reasons for juvenile delinquents. The most common factor is the breakdown of family as a coherent unit. There can be nothing worse for a child than a situation where mature parental care is lacking. If such care is missing for a prolonged period of time, it will not take very long for the child to come across exploitative influence of anti-social elements. The reasons for juvenile delinquency other than lack of parental care such as choice of wrong company do exist. But they are rare. It is difficult to bring about a change in the behavior of an adolescent. Adolescence is a challenging period when a boy or a girl is in the process of becoming man or woman. The problem is compounded when the behavior of a young adult is not adequately moored to the balancing influence of mature parents or other caring elders. As an outsider, I can talk to the young offender and counsel him or her. I can tell him about the consequence of his erratic behavior. I can suggest he take his work or studies seriously and keep close to good and well-behaved group of friends. These groups could be found in every place. It is only a question of choice for the young offender (Thompson, William E & Bynum, Jack E). Nothing is impossible. It depends on society’s commitment on the level of control that it desires to enforce and the means it adopts to achieve them. A healthy society will have less problems of delinquency than a society where there is unacceptable level of ignorance (Thompson, William E & Bynum, Jack E). Family is the basic unit of society. If parents function with responsibility, the chances of juvenile

The Wagner Act Essay Example for Free

The Wagner Act Essay Prior to the enactment of the Wagner Act, the United States already had several labors. The Railway Labor Act, which was passed in 1926, required employers to enter into collective bargaining agreements with unions. It also prohibited discrimination on the part of the company against the unions. The RLA however, only applied to railroads and was subsequently amended in order for airlines to be included. Thus during this period, while it was legal to form unions, companies were not prohibited from firing employees for being union members. In 1993, at the behest of then President Franklin Roosevelt, the National Industry Recovery Act was passed. Among the provisions, specifically Section 7(a), employees were not only given the right to form unions but that joining or non-joining of a union would not be used as a requirement for employment. That particular section also required companies to abide by conditions of employment such as the number of work hours and minimum wage as set by the President. However, the Act came under fire due to concerns of its effectiveness as was eventually overturned by the Supreme Court in May 1935. In order to address the issue of employers and unions, the Wagner Act or the National Labor Relations Act was passed in 1935. Named after its proponent, Sen. Robert F. Wagner, the Act incorporated Section 7(a) of the former NIRA. This particular section became the pillar of the Wagner Act. Aside from giving employees the right to form unions, the Wagner Act also defined what it considered as unfair labor practice by an employer. Under Section 8, an employer is said to have committed unfair labor practice if it: interferes, restraints or coerces an employee from joining, dominates or interferes in the formation of a union, discriminates an employee for being part of a union, seeks reprisal against an employees for filing unfair labor practice charges, and refuses to enter into a collective bargaining agreement with the unions. With the passing of the Wagner Act, two important things happened. First, membership in unions began to increase dramatically. From a mere 10% prior to the act, more than 30% of the total US workforce became union members by the 1950s. The second was the formation of the National Labor Relations Board. The NLRB is the agency that is tasked with overseeing the implementation of the Act. By approving the Wagner Act, it was seen that the government was ready to go against the private sector by giving employees the right to form unions and enter into collective bargaining agreements. All these however changed after World War II. As a result of the war, certain groups raised the issue of balancing the power enjoyed by both the labor sector and the companies. Thus in 1947, the Labor-Management Relations Act or Taft-Hartley Act was passed. The Taft-Hartley Act is considered as an amended to the Wagner Act. Although the Taft-Hartley Act retained some of the provisions of the Wagner Act there were also some changes implemented.   Notable changes include the delay or suspension of a strike if it would lead to a national emergency situation. The act also excluded employees who were at the supervisory level from being covered by the provisions of the Wagner Act. A closed shop or a company that hires only union members was also banned. The Taft-Hartley act also protected non-union members from being discriminated by union shops. A union shop is a company that although allows non-union employees to join, eventually requires these employees to eventually join a union. While maintaining the list of unfair labor practice by employers stated in the Wagner Act, the Taft-Hartley Act now included a list of unfair labor practices by unions.   Among others, the amendment required unions to give a 60 days notice to mediators of a planned strike and enter into good faith negotiations with employers. The Taft-Hartley Act further protected employers from facing reprisals from unions if it expressed adverse opinions against the unions. The Act also made it illegal for companies to practice featherbedding. That is, forcing employers pay certain individuals wages despite doing no work. Under the amendment, the primary functions of the NLRB was now to prevent and find solutions to unfair labor practices that is by either the employers or the unions.   The NLRB was also tasked to determine if employees prefer to be represented by union for the purpose of conducting collective bargaining with the company. Currently, the NLRB is divided into two sectors. The Board, which is composed of five individuals, has the task of deciding on cases based on records under administrative proceedings. The General Counsel on the other hand, is in charge of investigating and prosecuting unfair labor practice cases. The General Counsel is also the group tasked to supervise the processing of cases in the field offices. The Board and General Counsel is independent of each other. Another law worth mentioning is the Landrum-Griffin Act or the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959. While it did not make sweeping changes like the Taft-Hartley, it nevertheless amended the Wagner Act by including additional unfair labor practices not included in the Taft-Hartley. The idea behind the Landrum-Griffin Act was to give further protection to the union members from their leaders. The Landrum-Griffin Act enabled a more open selection of union leaders. It also gave members the right to file legal charges against the union without fear of reprisal. While it is clear that the three laws mentioned are pro-labor, the passing of the Taft-Hartley Act tilted the scales somewhat in favor of the employers. However, membership in unions continued to increase despite the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act mainly because of the protection afforded by these laws. As seen from the laws that have been passed, the focus has always been on the employees. While the Wagner Act curtailed the abuses likely to be done by the companies, the Taft-Hartley Act restrained unions from becoming abusive and becoming a much bigger problem. The Landrum-Griffin Act effectively gave back the power of the union to its members and served as a warning for union leaders to ensure that their interests is in line with the general membership. While some sectors are saying that it may be time to repeal or amend these laws, particularly the Taft-Hartley Act, such a decision may not be good for now. While union membership may not be as high as it was before, the reason may not be entirely because of the provisions set forth in these laws. Currently, the labor force of the US is facing competitions form automation and outsourcing. Most companies nowadays prefer to use labor from countries outside the US since the wages are cheaper and the labor laws are lenient compared to those in the country. While the law encourages employers and unions to discuss collective bargaining agreements, it does not prevent companies from laying-off employees in the event of a financial problem. The labor union in the US has come a long way in order to be where it is right now. The laws, first and foremost, have always been there in order to protect the workers and ensure good working conditions. Union leaders should make good use of the provisions under the law. The Wagner Act and its amendments, the Taft-Hartley Act and Landrum-Griffin Act, were not enacted for aesthetic purposes. Unions should remind employers on why it was enacted in the first place. References National Labor Relations Act. National Labor Relations Board. 14 April 2008. http://www.nlrb.gov/about_us/overview/national_labor_relations_act.aspx

Essay --

In modern society, the advanced technology sets a trap for people, especially for students. Therefore, students go to the trouble of calling and texting over and over again, which dose does much harm to students' physical and mental health. As for study, students spend so much time in calling or texting that they waste a lot of time that should be spent on study. On the other hand, taking cellphone with you all the time is bad for your body health. So, as students, you should not take cellphones at to school. First of allï ¼Å' playing with cellphones really makes students waste a lot of time. Now, many students lower their heads, staring at the screen of cellphone and texting. Usually, if students take cellphones at to school, they are not old enough to control themselves and can not help using phone, even get the habit of living with cellphones. Over time, they will be increasingly dependent on mobile phones. Then, they are calling or texting, all the time but not communicating with their friends classmates or teachers face to face, which has a bad influence on students' study. According to study, Japanese students always get higher grades than other countries. The reason is that Japanese teachers and students spend much time together--the usual year is about 40 days longer than in other countries. (Glenn Zorpette. n.d.) But, now, students spend less and less time in sharing ideas and thoughts with classmates and teachers, which makes their study terrible. What's more, th ere are lots of violent games that attracts students a lot. And they are addicted to games and even imitate characters in games. As a result, they become violent or fierce, which could have a bad effect on students' mental health badly. In t... ... become more and more terrible and your brain can be influenced badly. What’s more, most cellphones have high radiation which must do much harm to your body.(The Harm of Phones’ Radiationï ¼â€° Students usually use cellphones on the bed and do not take then them away before sleeping, just putting it closed to your head. Then, the radiation influences your brain little by little. Maybe when you notice that, there is something terrible happening. Therefore, we should know the disadvantages of taking cellphones, and leave them at home. All in all, as for students, the most important thing is study but not using cellphones. I believe that we students can lead a colorful school life without cellphones. We just spend more time study or other activities to spread our horizon. So, we students should not take cellphones at school but put our heart into meaningful things.

College Students and Suicide

College Students and Suicide College Students and Suicide By contrast, only 15. 3 percent of Americans overall have had such thoughts, the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health Survey Initiative reported last February. The survey, part of a wider-ranging continuing study on student suicidal behaviors being conducted by David Drum, a professor of education psychology at the University of Texas at Austin, questioned 26,000 undergraduate and graduate students at 70 U. S. institutions. The results raise the startling suggestion that suicidal thoughts could be a common experience on par with substance abuse, depression and eating disorders, Drum said. The survey defined considering suicide as having at least one episode of suicidal thinking at some point. Slightly more than half of students said they fit that category, which is known as suicide ideation. When researchers asked about more serious episodes, 15 percent said they had â€Å"seriously considered† attempting suicide. More than 5 percent of students said they had actually attempted suicide, which is the second-leading cause of death for college students, compared to its ranking of ninth among the U. S. population at large, according to the National Alliance on Mental Health. 2 â€Å"Relief from emotional or physical pain† was the top reason students cited for suicidal thinking, followed by problems with romantic relationships. A generalized desire to end their lives was next, followed by problems with school or academics. The study extrapolated that at an average college with 18,000 undergraduate students, 1,080 of them would seriously contemplate taking their lives in any year, numbers that pose troubling issues for college administrators. The survey identified growing levels of distress among college students and diminishing resources to handle the consequences. They found that half of students who had had suicidal thoughts never sought counseling or treatment. We know only a quarter of suicide patients are our clients, which means 75 percent of them never come through our doors,† said Chris Brownson, director of the Counseling and Mental Health Center at the University of Texas. Drum and other researchers said colleges needed a new model, shifting the emphasis from narrowly focused treatments involving suicidal students and a small number of mental health professionals, to one hat involved the entire campus in addressing student stresses. Suicide is a public and mental issue. The focus on dec reasing the numbers needs to be on prevention, building resilience in students and creating supportive communities. In college students, the warning signs of depression which ultimately leads to suicide are, a previous suicide attempt, talking about suicide, and drug or alcohol abuse

Sea change and kathryn dell barton

Composers use distinctly visual images to visualize and allow us to understand the impact of human experiences. Deborah Cox used visual Imagery in the television series ‘Sea Change' to create an effective message about human experiences; this Is also amplified In ‘Cell block tannic composed by Rob Marshall and Kathy del Baron's artwork You are what Is most beautiful about me'. Paragraph 1 In the sea change episode not such great expectations' Debt Cox skillfully uses visual images as a powerful medium to convey truths about human expectations.She invitingly reveals that individual's life experiences may be in conflict with those of others, due to different values. This is evident in the father and son relationship that Bob and Craig Jelly have. Bob is initially presented as a pushy, arrogant and selfish real estate agent who wished that his son will follow in his footsteps and have the same career as himself. This is evident in the effective use off medium tracking shot i n the scene where Bob and Craig Jelly are dressed in identical vibrant red real estate blazers as they walk across the headland gazing down upon the natural beauty ofPearl Bay. However, bob Jelly is challenged to reassess his values when the Imagery suggests that he expects his son to follow In his footsteps and become a real estate agent. Bob wants to transform Craig Into a clone of himself. This Is demonstrated through Cox's skilful use of a medium shot in the scene where Bob is standing behind Craig (whose facial expressions suggests he is listening intently to Bob's words of wisdom) while Bob gazes off into the distance absorbed by his own apparent wisdom.Cox highlights the growth in Craig Jelly by demonstrating that he as learned that following in his father's footsteps would be the best opportunity for him. Link to question In this episode Debt Cox allows us to visualize and understand the impact of human experiences. Bob Jelly Is trying to put his son on the right track and g et him the best job In the family real estate. Relating to this our parents want us also to get the best Job opportunity. Link to next paragraph The theme of relationships between children and their parents Is also experienced In the artwork you are what is most beautiful about me† painted by mother of 2Kathy Dell Barton. Paragraph 2 The artwork illustrates a painted self portrait of Kathy Dell Barton with her 2 children painted in the foreground. The painting includes larger colorful flowers and vines entwined between the 3. This gives the viewer an insight that through life the impact of becoming a mother can have a dizzying effect on human experiences. This is seen through the use of plants, flowers and colored lines running throughout the painting. Barton uses symbolism through the green colored lines, plants and flowers.This suggests new life and that motherhood Is an act of nature, it is natural. In this painting Kathy Dell Barton demonstrates that everybody comes togeth er as one In a family but each member Is still In Individual. The representation of the large eyes explores that the three are very alike, but with different eye colors the three are individuals but are all cohesive. Link to question in a human experience. With Kathy in the background of the image it suggests she is putting her children first, putting there needs ahead. Just like our parents would for us.

History of the Quiché Maya - Popol Vuh

History of the Quichà © Maya - Popol Vuh The Popol Vuh (Council Book or Council Papers) is the most important sacred book of the Quichà ©; (or Kiche) Maya of the Guatemalan Highlands. The Popol Vuh is an important text for understanding Late Postclassic and Early Colonial Maya religion, myth, and history, but also because it also offers interesting glimpses into Classic Period beliefs. History of the Text The surviving text of the Popol Vuh was not written in Mayan hieroglyphics, but rather is a transliteration into European script written between 1554-1556 by someone said to have been a Quichà © nobleman. Between 1701-1703, the Spanish friar Francisco Ximenez found that version where he was stationed in Chichicastenango, copied it and translated the document into Spanish. Ximenez translation is currently stored in the Newberry Library of Chicago. There are numerous versions of the Popol Vuh in translations in various languages: the best known in English is that of Mayanist Dennis Tedlock, originally published in 1985; Low et al. (1992) compared the various English versions available in 1992 and remarked that Tedlock immersed himself in the Mayan point of view as much as he could, but by and largely picked prose rather than the poetry of the original. The Content of the Popol Vuh Now it still ripples, now it still murmurs, ripples, it still sighs, still hums and is empty under the sky (from Tedlocks 3rd edition, 1996, describing the primordial world before creation) The Popol Vuh is a narrative of the cosmogony, history, and traditions of the Kiche Maya before the Spanish conquest in 1541. That narrative is presented in three parts. The first part talks about the creation of the world and its first inhabitants; the second, probably the most famous, narrates the story of the Hero Twins, a couple of semi-gods; and the third part is the story of the Quichà © noble family dynasties. Creation Myth According to the Popol Vuh myth, at the beginning of the world, there were only the two creator gods: Gucumatz and Tepeu. These gods decided to create earth out of the primordial sea. Once the earth was created, the gods populated it with animals, but they soon realized that animals were unable to speak and therefore could not worship them. For this reason, the gods created humans and had the animals role relegated to food for humans. This generation of humans was made out of mud, and so were weak and were soon destroyed. As a third attempt, the gods created men from wood and women from reeds. These people populated the world and procreated, but they soon forgot their gods and were punished with a flood. The few who survived were transformed into monkeys. Finally, the gods decided to mold mankind from maize. This generation, which includes the present human race, is able to worship and nourish the gods. In the narration of the Popol Vuh, the creation of the people of corn is preceded by the story of the Hero Twins. The Hero Twins Story The Hero Twins, Hunahpu, and Xbalanque were the sons of Hun Hunahpu and an underworld goddess named Xquic. According to the myth, Hun Hunahpu and his twin brother Vucub Hunahpu were convinced by the lords of the underworld to play a ball game with them. They were defeated and sacrificed, and the head of Hun Hunahpu was placed on a gourd tree. Xquic escaped from the underworld and was impregnated by the blood dripping from Hun Hunahpu’s head and gave birth to the second generation of hero twins, Hunahpu and Xbalanque. Hunahpu and Xbalanque lived on the earth with their grandmother, the mother of the first Hero Twins, and became great ballplayers. One day, as had happened to their father, they were invited to play a ball game with the Lords of Xibalba, the underworld, but unlike their father, they were not defeated and stood all the tests and tricks posted by the underworld gods. With a final trick, they managed to kill the Xibalba lords and to revive their father and uncle. Hunahpu and Xbalanque then reached the sky where they became the sun and moon, whereas Hun Hunahpu became the god of corn, who emerges every year  from the earth to give life to the people. The Origins of the Quichà © Dynasties The final part of the Popol Vuh narrates the story of the first people created from corn by the ancestral couple, Gucumatz and Tepeu. Among these were the founders of the Quichà © noble dynasties. They were able to praise the gods and wandered the world until they reached a mythical place where they could receive the gods into sacred bundles and take them home. The book closes with the list of the Quichà © lineages up until the 16th century. How Old is the Popol Vuh? Although early scholars believed that the living Maya had no recollection of the Popol Vuh, some groups retain considerable knowledge of the stories, and new data have led most Mayanists to accept that some form of the Popol Vuh has been central to the Maya religion at least since the Maya Late Classic Period. Some scholars such as Prudence Rice have argued for a much older date. Elements of the narrative in the Popol Vuh argues Rice, appear to predate the late Archaic separation of language families and calendars. Further, the tale of the one-legged ophidian supernatural who is associated with rain, lightning, life, and creation is associated with Maya kings and dynastic legitimacy throughout their history. Updated by  K. Kris Hirst Sources Dictionary of Archaeology.Carlsen RS, and Prechtel M. 1991. The Flowering of the Dead: An Interpretation of Highland Maya Culture. Man 26(1):23-42.Knapp BL. 1997. The Popol Vuh: Primordial Mother Participates in the Creation. Confluencia 12(2):31-48.Low D, Morley S, Goetz D, Recinos A, xe, Edmonson M, and Tedlock D. 1992. A Comparison of English translations of a Mayan text, the Popol Vuh. Studies in American Indian Literatures 4(2/3):12-34.Miller ME, and Taube K. 1997. An Illustrated Dictionary of The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. London: Thames and Hudson.Paulinyi Z. 2014. The butterfly bird god and his myth at Teotihuacan.  Ancient Mesoamerica 25(01):29-48.Rice PM. 2012. Continuities in Maya political rhetoric: Kawiils, katuns, and kennings.  Ancient Mesoamerica 23(01):103-114.Sharer RJ. 2006. The Ancient Maya. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.Tedlock D. 1982. Reading the Popol Vuh over the shoulder of a diviner and finding out whats so funny. Conjunctions 3:176-185. Tedlock D. 1996. The Popol Vuh: Definitive Edition of the Maya Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings. New York: Touchstone.Woodruff JM. 2011. Ma(r)king Popol Vuh.  Romance Notes 51(1):97-106.

How Sociologists Define Marriage

How Sociologists Define Marriage Marriage is a socially supported union involving two or more individuals in what is regarded as a stable, enduring arrangement based at least in part on a sexual bond of some kind. Depending on the society, marriage may require religious and/or civil sanction, although some couples may come to be considered married simply by living together for a period of time (common law marriage). Though marriage ceremonies, rules, and roles may differ from one society to another, marriage is considered a cultural universal, which means that it is present as a social institution in all cultures. Marriage serves several functions. In most societies, it serves to socially identify children by defining kinship ties to a mother, father, and extended relatives. It also serves to regulate sexual behavior, to transfer, preserve, or consolidate property, prestige, and power, and most importantly, it is the basis for the institution of the family. Social Characteristics of Marriage In most societies, a marriage is considered a permanent social and legal contract and relationship between two people that is based on mutual rights and obligations among the spouses. A marriage is often based on a romantic relationship, though this is not always the case. But regardless, it typically signals a sexual relationship between two people. A marriage, however, does not simply exist between the married partners, but rather, is codified as a social institution in legal, economic, social, and spiritual/religious ways. Typically a the institution of marriage begins with a period of courtship that culminates in an invitation to marry. This is followed by the marriage ceremony, during which mutual rights and responsibilities may be specifically stated and agreed to. In many places the state must sanction a marriage in order for it to be considered valid and legal, and also in many cultures, a religious authority must do the same. In many societies, including the Western world and the United States, marriage is widely considered the basis of and foundation for family. This is why a marriage is often greeted socially with immediate expectations that the couple will produce children, and why children that are born outside of marriage are often branded with the stigma of illegitimacy. Because a marriage is recognized by law, by the economy, socially, and by religious institutions, a dissolution of marriage (annulment or divorce) must, in turn, involve a dissolution of the marriage relationship in all of these realms. The Social Functions of Marriage Marriage has several social functions that are important within the societies and cultures where the marriage takes place. Most commonly, marriage dictates the roles that spouses play in each others lives, in the family, and in society at large. Typically these roles involve a division of labor between the spouses, such that each is responsible for different tasks that are necessary within the family. American sociologist Talcott Parsons wrote on this topic and outlined a theory of roles within a marriage and household, wherein wives/mothers play the expressive role of a caregiver who takes care of socialization and emotional needs of others in the family, while the husband/father is responsible for the task role of earning money to support the family. In keeping with this thinking, a marriage often serves the function of dictating the social status of the spouses and the couple, and of creating a hierarchy of power between the couple. Societies in which the husband/father holds the most power in the marriage are known as patriarchies. Conversely, matriarchal societies are those in which wives/mothers hold the most power. Marriage also serves the social function of determining family names and lines of familial descent. In the U.S. and much of the Western world, we practice patrilineal descent, meaning the family name follows that of the husband/father. However, many cultures, including some within Europe and many in Central and Latin America, follow matrilineal descent. Today, it is common for newly married couples to create a hyphenated family name that preserves the named lineage of both sides, and for children to bear the surnames of both parents. Different Types of Marriages In the Western world, monogamous, heterosexual marriage is the most common form and is considered the norm. However, homosexual marriage is increasingly common and in many places, including the U.S., has been sanctioned by law and by many religious groups. This change in practice, law, and cultural norms and expectations for what a marriage is and how can participate in it reflects the fact that marriage itself is a social construct. Other forms of marriage that occur around the world include polygamy (a marriage of more than two spouses), polyandry (a marriage of a wife with more than one husband), and polygyny (the marriage of a husband with more than one wife). (In common usage, polygamy is often misused to refer to polygyny.) As such, the rules of marriage, the division of labor within a marriage, and what constitutes the roles of husbands, wives, and spouses generally are subject to change and are most often negotiated by the partners within the marriage, rather than firmly dictated by tradition. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

How to Use Respectively in a Sentence

How to Use Respectively in a Sentence How to Use Respectively in a Sentence Today, we’re looking at the word â€Å"respectively,† which we use to refer to something previously mentioned. This is a great word when used correctly, allowing us to clarify how different parts of a sentence relate to one another. But it’s also easy to misuse if you’re not sure how it works. Let’s look first at how â€Å"respectively† should be used, then, before examining a couple of common errors you’ll want to avoid. How to Use Respectively in a Sentence â€Å"Respectively† is an adverb meaning â€Å"in the order mentioned.† We use it when we want to emphasize the relationships between two pairs or items in two parallel lists (i.e., two lists that contain the same number of items). For example, we could use â€Å"respectively† as follows: Paris and Berlin are the capital cities of France and Germany, respectively. âÅ"“ This tells us that Paris is the capital of France and that Berlin is the capital of Germany. We know this because â€Å"respectively† means that the first city mentioned (Paris) goes with the first country mentioned (France), and likewise for the second city (Berlin) and country (Germany). Common Error: Non-Parallel Lists People make two main errors when using â€Å"respectively.† One is to use it without preceding parallel structures, or without a direct one-to-one relationship between items in two lists: The wires connect to the diode and fuse, respectively. âÅ"â€" Here, for example, â€Å"respectively† does not make sense because we don’t know how many wires there are or how they are distinct from each other. To correct this, we would need to write: The blue wire and green wire connect to the diode and fuse, respectively. âÅ"“ In this version, we can clearly see which wire connects to which component. Common Error: Unnecessary Use of Respectively Another error is to use this term when it isn’t necessary. For instance: Dogs and cats are common household pets, respectively. âÅ"â€" In this case, since both dogs and cats are pets, we can lose â€Å"respectively†: Dogs and cats are common household pets. âÅ"“ We would, however, use this term to distinguish between the two. For example, we could clarify the genus to which each species belongs: Dogs and cats belong respectively to the genera Canis and Felis. âÅ"“ Here, without the â€Å"respectively,† it would not be 100% clear which species belonged to which genus. This, therefore, is a good use of the term. And if you need any more advice on using this word in a document, don’t forget you can try our proofreading service for free.

Consumer Marketing Research Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Consumer Marketing Research Plan - Essay Example Structurally, Reed Elsevier has four divisions that serve a global market for professional information. This allows the company to provide information and services to the professional market as scientists, academics, lawyers, teachers, doctors, nurses and a range of corporate professionals (Elsevier 2006). Skills are valued highly at Reed Elsevier (2006) as part of key strategy to build on core competencies. The company has maintained successful development of technology and delivers through web-based processes. Skills rely heavily on the company's ability to invest in new technology and deliver products effectively and efficiently to the professional information market. Reed Elsevier's staff is broad, including specialists in diverse global information markets as well as recent purchases of medial information publishers and business information researchers. Reed Elsevier places a strong emphasis on their shared values throughout the staff as encouraging innovation, product developme nt, and organic (rather than top-down) management and growth. The company's style is to function as a global organization with a pro-active policy that shares resources, information and cost savings with a group and team-oriented focus on delivering an efficient and viable product. Reed's product is information and information technology. ... Reed Elsevier places a strong emphasis on their shared values throughout the staff as encouraging innovation, product development, and organic (rather than top-down) management and growth. The company's style is to function as a global organization with a pro-active policy that shares resources, information and cost savings with a group and team-oriented focus on delivering an efficient and viable product. Reed's product is information and information technology. This is a strong product line, and Reed Elsevier provides an efficient, easily accessible product through their web-based applications that is not dependent on the customer's physical location, but is globally accessible. Product promotion is strong. Reed Elsevier has a solid web-based presence as well as continuous support from the traditional publishing market (especially as brand recognition for Harcourt division). Furthermore, promotion is done through press releases and professional conferences. Reed is able to promote on multiple levels as web-based, press releases, word of mouth, and brand recognition. Prices at Reed Elsevier are hard to distinguish because there are multiple divisions, information requirements, and professional needs that create variations in prices. Customer and Competition Market Analysis Simba Information shows the market reaching nearly fifty-five billion dollars in the 2002 US market, global information on the professional information sales market was unavailable at the time of this report (Simba 1999). Trends in information purchases, particularly in education, business and medical information markets increase each year (Simba 1999). Customers include Science & Medical, Legal, Education and Business professionals. Customer relationship management is highly

The economics of labor market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The economics of labor market - Assignment Example By consuming leisure you are forgoing the wage you could have earned by working that hour.as the wage increases leisure get more expensive and you consume less leisure. That is as the wage increase you work more hours Income effect- leisure is a normal good as you get wealthier you’ll want to consume more leisure. As the wage you receive increase you become wealthier and thus will want to consume more leisure. Thus as the real wage increase you work fewer hours 5) hire another worker as long as the worker adds at least $1 to profits or hire another worker as long as the cost of that worker (his wage) is less than or equal to the value of that worker’s extra output. 6) Technological advances decrease demand for labor Anything that changes either the amount of output workers can produce or the price of that output will shift the labor demand curve. Fishers, for example, would be more productive if they were provided with better training, more equipment, or improved technology, so all of these things would tend to increase the demand for

The Case Against Tipping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Case Against Tipping - Essay Example Although there are undeniably benefits and advantages of gratuity on server and patron alike, he dismisses that tipping puts the economy in an unfavorable baksheesh shape. In this point he is correct, taking into account that the government is losing an estimated $7 to $10 billion of earnings in tips that go unreported (Snyder). Moreover, there is the possibility that aside from cabs and restaurants, other sectors of the society will adapt this practice. Lewis suggests that reticence or silence on the matter may worsen the issue in the future. He concludes that standing up against the unwarranted custom may be advantageous. That the essence of gratuity has vanished in the modern times is most compelling. Now, waiters and waitresses believe that it is their right to be tipped (Shaw). Nowadays, tipping is expected even if the quality of service is not significantly worthy of an extra favor coming from the customer. Although Lewis also explicate that tipping is an aristocratic conceit, what really prompts a tip seems to be missing. It is very much logical that the workers are but rendering the service that they are already salaried to do.

Texas Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Texas Government - Essay Example For instance, the power of the governor, presiding officers and lobbyists is substantially increased because of inadequate duration for detailed scrutiny of bills. Shorter sessions also do not provide with a favorable environment for raising issues and encourage delaying tactics until an adverse situation develops. Despite several changes in particularities of legislative sessions over the years, the proposed amendments providing for annual sessions have been repeatedly rejected by the voters to prevent increased government power and spending estimated at over $40 million. However, a careful consideration of aforementioned prospects and consequences suggests that the sessions should be allowed annually to remove the obstacles to effective governance practices. A deviation from such conservative political culture has its economic costs but would probably improve the ability of state to provide for public services, settling the spending in the longer run (Newell et al., 50, 170). Along with six other states, the salaries of Texas legislators are set through constitutional amendments. However, the $7,200 annual salary for Texas legislators has remained constant since 1975. Texas is the second largest state after California in terms of population, but this figure is 13 times lower as compared to California. It is even lower than half of the federal minimum estimated for a family of four to stay above poverty level. Legislators also receive a per day allowance during the regular or special sessions for covering expenses. They are also entitled to mileage allowance, state apartments and allowance for up-to 12 days per month while serving on state board/council or carrying out legislative work between sessions. The Ethics Commission, under a 1991 state constitution amendment, is empowered to increase daily allowances and constitute a citizen advisory board for proposing changes in legislative salaries to voters.

Sadown Response paper to The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Essay

Sadown Response paper to The Curious Case of Benjamin Button - Essay Example Out of curiosity, would changing a character’s name give additional cinematic effect to a film? One would think though that it is quite peculiar since it really did not matter in the film. Also, the film version was given a modification by adding characters in the story. Hurricane Katrina has left the country with heartaches and hardships. This was used to add drama in the story and to be more appealing to the public of the 21st century that would view a short story written in the 1920s. It is understandable how this was presented this way rather than a straight-forward method of presenting the story. The movie presented a very serious matter even during the days with the most advanced technology in medical science. It is true that the world is filled with unexplained subject matters which are left to be explored or may remain to be unanswered. The topic would tickle the curiosity of its audience regardless of the time or era that it will be shown. It is a subject matter is ab out age. It was also peculiar that instead of an old man with a beard, the film presented Benjamin Button as an â€Å"old† baby with wrinkled skin all-over his body. Initially, when Benjamin was examined by a physician, the doctor did not even say that he would live a full life. This is because of the child’s appearance and state of health. ... The script was written during the modern times, could this part be skipped? Just because a person has a particular disease or irregularities, that person does not need an exorcist to be healed. After Benjamin was â€Å"healed†, the pastor died. The main character was able to walk, with the help of the crutches, after the â€Å"healing†. Story writers used more recent events in history rather than using the 1860s setting of the story. During these events, also, there were parts where more people tend to reveal secrets kept for years. Here is when writers may think that the secrets would be understood since one’s life is almost about to end. Why it is always deemed that secrets revealed while a person is on his deathbed easier to be accepted? Now the question is â€Å"How would the living deal with the truth?† In her lifetime, Caroline thought that the man whom she knew as her father was actually her stepfather. Since this was revealed in her mother’s deathbed, there is a sense that she should accept the fact that her father’s true identity was concealed from her. This is almost a known plot in most films. It would be just depending on the writers how they would play the twist in a given idea of the story especially if it is an adaptation from a written material. The idea can even be wrongly regarded as an emotional blackmail to the other character since one will not be questioned or judged especially if the person is about to breathe its last breath. This can also be considered as true in real life and is happening even as one speaks. It is not a matter of how the actors played their roles as they only act out what the director is telling them. On the other hand, it is also not how the film was directed as the director is just interpreting the script that has

Texas Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Texas Government - Essay Example For instance, the power of the governor, presiding officers and lobbyists is substantially increased because of inadequate duration for detailed scrutiny of bills. Shorter sessions also do not provide with a favorable environment for raising issues and encourage delaying tactics until an adverse situation develops. Despite several changes in particularities of legislative sessions over the years, the proposed amendments providing for annual sessions have been repeatedly rejected by the voters to prevent increased government power and spending estimated at over $40 million. However, a careful consideration of aforementioned prospects and consequences suggests that the sessions should be allowed annually to remove the obstacles to effective governance practices. A deviation from such conservative political culture has its economic costs but would probably improve the ability of state to provide for public services, settling the spending in the longer run (Newell et al., 50, 170). Along with six other states, the salaries of Texas legislators are set through constitutional amendments. However, the $7,200 annual salary for Texas legislators has remained constant since 1975. Texas is the second largest state after California in terms of population, but this figure is 13 times lower as compared to California. It is even lower than half of the federal minimum estimated for a family of four to stay above poverty level. Legislators also receive a per day allowance during the regular or special sessions for covering expenses. They are also entitled to mileage allowance, state apartments and allowance for up-to 12 days per month while serving on state board/council or carrying out legislative work between sessions. The Ethics Commission, under a 1991 state constitution amendment, is empowered to increase daily allowances and constitute a citizen advisory board for proposing changes in legislative salaries to voters.

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Final Exam - Essay Example The second group was the communist nations, Soviet Union being their leader. The third world mainly consisted of the developing nations which were mostly newly independent and not aligned to any super power. These countries caused the arena for struggle and competition among the cold war super powers. The third world nations were located in Asia, Latin America and Africa. The countries were politically unstable and economically poor. This situation was mainly caused by the long periods of colonialism. The third world countries suffered lack of technology, ethnic conflicts and lack of education. The countries generally had high rates of diseases and poverty, low life expectancy and low economic development. The third world countries were unaligned hence they were seen as potential allies in the 1st and 2nd world war. Developing allies with the third world countries would mean an increase military support such as soldiers and economic support during the war. The Soviet Union and the United States tried to establish connections and form allies with these countries by offering military and economic support (Patterson 96). The connection would also enable the United States to gain strategically located alliances hence have an advantage over the Soviet Union in the war. The third world was mainly targeted for the soldiers. Forming allies with the countries would ensure military support and advantage. The most dangerous and violent moments in the conflicts were in the regions of third world because they were strategically located. Having allies in the location would unsure an advantage in the war. The Vietnam war epitomised important hall marks of the Third world intervention as it acted to save innocent lives which were in danger. 2. What did it mean that Theodore Roosevelt was comfortable seeing the United States as part of the balance of power system? Explain how World War I upset this system. Why and

Concepts in Accounting and Developing Financial Statements

Concepts in Accounting and Developing Financial Statements There are likely to be various user groups with an interest in a particular organisation, in the sense of needing to make decisions about that organization. User group Competitors they use for: to assess the threat to sales and profits posed by those businesses. To provide a benchmark against which the competitors performance can be measured Employees (non-management) to assess the ability of the business to continue to provide employment and to reward employees for their labour Government to assess how much tax the business should pay, whether it complies with agreed pricing policies and whether financial support is needed. Community representatives to assess the ability of the business to continue to provide employment for the community and purchase community resources. To assess whether the business could help fund environmental improvements. Investment analysts to assess the likely risks and returns associated with the business in order to determine its investment potential and to advise clients accordingly. Suppliers to assess ability of the business to pay for the goods and services supplied. Lenders to assess the ability of the business to meet its obligations and to pay interest and to repay the mount borrowed. Managers to help make decisions and plans for the business and to exercise control so that the plans come to fruition. Owners to assess how effectively the managers are running the business and to make judgements about lively levels of risk and return in the future. There may be conflicts of interest arising between the various user groups over the ways in which the wealth of the business is generated and/or distributed. For example, a conflict of interest may arise between the managers and the owners of the business. Although managers are appointed to act on behalf of the owners, there is always a risk that they will put their own interests first. They may use the wealth of the business to furnish large offices, buy expensive cars or whatever. Accounting information has an important role to play in reporting, the extent to which various groups have benefited from the business. Thus, owners may rely on accounting information to check whether the pay and benefits of managers are in line with agreed policy. A further example of potential conflict is between owners and lenders. There is a risk that the funds loaned to a business will be used for purposes that have not been agreed. Concepts used in financial statement are: a) Money measurement concept accounting normally deals with only those items that are capable of being expressed in monetary terms. Money has the advantage that it is a useful common denominator with which to express the wide variety of recourses held by a business. However, not all such resources are capable of being measured in monetary terms and so will be excluded from a balance sheet. The money measurement concept, thus, limits the scope of accounting reports. b) Historic cost concept Assets are shown on the balance at a value that is based on their historic cost (that is, acquisition cost). This method of measuring asset value has been adopted by accountants in preference to methods based on some form of current value. Many commentators find this particular convection difficult to support as outdated historic cost are unlikely to help in the assessment of current financial position. It is often argued that recording assets at their current value would provide a more realistic view of financial position and would be relevant for a wide range of decisions. However, a system of measurement based on current values can present a number of problems. c) Going concern concept The going concern concept holds that a business will continue operations for the foreseeable future. In other words, there is no intention or need to sell off the assets of the business. Such a sale may arise when the business is in financial difficulties and it needs cash to the creditors. This convention is important because the value of fixed assets on sale is often low in relation to the recorded values, and an expectation of having to sell off the assets would mean that anticipated losses on sale should be fully recorded. However, where there is no expectation of the need to sell off the assets, the value of fixed assets can continue to be shown at their recorded values (that is, based on historic cost). This concept, therefore, provides support for the historic cost concept under normal circumstances. d) Business entity concept For accounting purposes, the business and its owner(s) are treated as quite separate and distinct. This is why owners are treated as being claimants against their own business in respect of their investment in the business. In the business entity concept must be distinguished from the legal position that may exist between businesses and their owners. For sole proprietorships and partnerships, the law does not make any distinction between the business and its owner(s). For limited companies, on the other hand, there is a clear legal distinction the business and its owners. For accounting purposes, these legal distinctions are irrelevant and the business entity convention applies to all businesses. e) Dual aspect concept each transaction has two aspects, both of which will affect the balance sheet. Thus, the purchase of a motor car for cash results in an increase in one asset (motor car) and a decrease in another (cash). The repayment of a loan results in the decrease in liability (loan) and the decrease in asset (cash/bank) f) Prudence The prudence concept holds that financial statements should err on the side of caution. The concept evolved to counteract the excessive optimism of some managers and owners, which resulted, in the past, in an overstatement of financial position. Operation of the prudence concept results in the recording of both actual and anticipated losses in full, whereas profits are not recognised until they are realized (that is, there is reasonable certainty that the profit will be received). When the prudence concept conflicts with another concept, it is prudence concept that will normally prevail. g) Stable monetary unit concept the stable monetary unit concept holds that money, which is the unit of measurement in accounting, will not change in value over time. However, in the UK and throughout much of the world, inflation has been persistent problem over the years and this has meant that the value of the money has declined in relation to other assets. In past years, high rates of inflation have resulted in balance sheets, which are drawn up on a cost basis, reflecting figures for assets, that were much lower than if current values were employed. The value of freehold land and buildings, in particular, increased rapidly during much of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, at least partly as a result of reduction in the value of each  £1. Where land and buildings were held for some time by a business, there was often a significant difference between their original cost and their current market value. This led to the criticism that balance sheet values were seriously understanded and, as a result, some businesses broke away from the use of historic cost as the basis for valuing this particular asset. Instead, freehold land is periodically revalued in order to provide more realistic statement of financial position. Although this represents a departure from accounting concept, it is a practice that has become increasingly common. h) Objectivity concept the objectivity concept seeks to reduce personal bias in financial statements. As far as possible, financial statements should be based on objective, verifiable evidence rather than matters of opinion. i) Separate determination concept the separate determination concept refers to in determining the aggregate amount of each asset or liability, the amount of each individual asset or a liability should be determined separately from all other assets and liabilities. j) Substance concept the substance over form holds if legal form of the transaction differs from its real substance, accounting should show the transaction in accordance with its real substance, i.e., how the transaction affects the economic situation of the business.

Money and Matrimony in Vanity Fair Essay -- Vanity Fair Essays

Money and Matrimony in Vanity Fair      In his novel Vanity Fair, William Thackeray exposes and examines the vanities of 19th century England. His characters pursue wealth, power, and social standing, often through marriage or matrimony. The present essay looks at Thackeray's use of the institution of marriage in Vanity Fair to comment on how these vanities often come at the expense of the true emotions of passion, devotion, and love. Parental Ambitions In Vanity Fair, money is central to nearly all of the characters' relationships. Thackeray connects England's merchant families, the lesser nobility, and the high aristocracy through money and matrimony, and parents are frequently the chief negotiators in these business transactions. Mr. Osborne is perhaps the novel's most avaricious parent; money and social eminence are all-important to Mr. Osborne, and he is willing to sacrifice his children's happiness to connect his family name with these vanities. He forbids his daughter Jane to marry an artist with whom she has fallen in love with, swearing to her "that she should not have a shilling of his money if she made a match without his concurrence" (p416). For Mr. Osborne love has little to do with matrimony, and marriage is simply a transaction that should increase family wealth and prestige. This concept was by no means uncommon during the 19th century: the rise of industrialism and colonialism meant an influx of wealth into England, and marriage was seen by many as a way of either rising in station or cementing business ties. This latter theme is seen in Mr. Osborne's interference in his son George's relationship with Amelia. Their courtship is arranged, the "two young people [having] been bred up by their parents" (p38) ... ...und them, and not look in. She eluded them, and despised them --- or at least she was committed to the other path from which retreat was now impossible. (p410-11) Thackeray points out that Becky could have led a simple, happy life, but for her relentless desire to achieve wealth and social status. She never comes to this realization, however, and through Rebecca the author shows us how our desires for the vanities can blind us to more truer, simpler emotions. Conclusion The marriages and mà ©salliances of the characters in Vanity Fair show us the folly and futility of chasing wealth, power, and social eminence at the expense of love and passion. Thackeray's novel reminds us that there are frequently hidden costs when we make such a bargain, and the true expense is often more than we can afford.    Works Cited Thackeray, William (18 ). Vanity Fair.   

Arthur Kornberg: A Nobel Laureate

Arthur Kornberg was born on March 3, 1918 in Brooklyn, New York. He was educated in Abraham Lincoln High School and continued his education at the City College of New York. This was where he first received his scientific training as he graduated with a degree in science in 1937. He received his medical degree in 1941 from the University of Rochester and proceeded with his internship in internal medicine. He then served in the U.S. Public Health Service as a commissioned officer where his first assignment was to be doctor in the Navy, serving as a ship’s doctor. Fortunately, he was given the opportunity to continue his research work as a scientist at the National Institute of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. He served at the NIH from 1942 to 1953. This is where he decided to direct his research to mainly concentrate with enzymes. Dr. Kornberg received further studies and training in enzymology. In New York University School of Medicine, he trained with Professor Severo Ochoa in 1946. A year later, he pursued enzymology with Professor Carl Cori at the Washington University School of Medicine. He later returned to service at the NIH and became the organizer and director of the Institute’s Enzyme Section. He later received an offer as the chairman of the Department of Microbiology of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri prompting him to resign his position of Medical Director in Bethesda. He later transferred to Standford University School of Medicine in 1959. This is where he organized a Department of Biochemistry and served as the chairman until 1969. After his term, he served as a professor and in 1988 he accepted the title Professor Emeritus (Kornberg 2005, & Kumin 2005). Dr. Kornberg devoted most of his studies isolating and purifying enzymes significant in cellular machinery. Until the first half of the 20th century, questions on enzymatic function and their cellular specificity were left unanswered. This became Dr. Kornberg’s primary area  of interest. In 1941, Beadle and Tatum from Standford demonstrated that through chemical functions, genes control life processes. Immediately after this discovery, Oswald Avery and his team from the Rockefellar Institute asserted that DNA drives this process instead of proteins, which was the primary assumption of the scientific community. Later, the famous James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the first detailed model of the DNA, demonstrating its structure as the well-known double helix (McCook 2007 and Telegraph.co.uk 2007). The primary subject of Kornberg’s research was due to his interest in discovery enzymatic mechanisms and functions. Together with Dr. Severo Ochoa, he discovered the ezyme Polymerase I which is the primary catalyst of DNA synthesis. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1959 for their elucidation of the basic DNA replication mechanisms (Kumin 2007 and McCook 2007). This success of Kornberg in producing a chemically exact and inert genetic material called the DNA is a milestone in the field of biochemistry. It is an important leap towards the understanding of the material that compose the genes. This is important in the issues and questions on inheritance and transmission of traits (Telegraph.co.uk 2007). Kornberg and Ochoa both specialized on the field of protein biochemistry. But this breakthrough discovery was actually concerned mainly on the field of molecular genetics. His primary technique was to isolate enzymes in a chemist’s lab and comprehending them biologically. This is a very significant approach in understanding of cellular molecular biology. In 1967, Kornberg successfully synthesized the first active virus within a lab. It was identified as PhiX174, a biologically active virus synthesized by a biochemist (Kumin 2007 and Altman 2007). After his extensive research on enzymatic synthesis of coenzymes and inorganic pyrophosphate, his interest led him to the study of the biosynthesis of nucleic acids,  particularly DNA. He demonstrated the pathways of pyrimidine and purine nucleotide synthesis, elaborating with the mechanisms and detailed steps on the process. Here, he found that there is an intermediate PRPP to the enzyme concerned in the assemblage of building blocks into DNA.   It was named as DNA polymerase. This particular enzyme is found in almost all cellular systems that synthesize genetically precise DNA. This is very important in the processes of replication, repair and rearrangements of DNA. Further research identified enzymes responsible for DNA metabolism, allowing the initiation and elongation of DNA chains and chromosomes. This paved the way for the discovery of recombinant DNA, a breakthrough technology that ignited the biotechnological revolution (Kornberg, 2005). After decades in the research on DNA replication, he diverted his concentration to studies in inorganic polyphosphate (poly P) in 1991. Poly P is a phosphate polymer that was hypothesized to have participated in prebiotic evolution. This polymer is basically found in every bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It has been dismissed as simply a molecular fossil, Kornberg found that there are different functions for poly P including stress responses, motility, and virulence in some pathogens (Kornberg, 2005). Besides conducting research studies, he has other pursuits such as educating graduate, medical and postdoctoral students. He also authored several monographs such as â€Å"DNA Synthesis† in 1974, â€Å"DNA Replication† in 1980, â€Å"Supplement to DNA Replication† in 1982, and Second Edition of â€Å"DNA Replication† in 1992. He also published a scientific autobiography entitled â€Å"For the Love of Enzymes: The Odyssey of a Biochemist† in 1989. Published by Univesity Science Books in July 1995, he released his book entitled â€Å"The Golden Helix: Inside Biotech Venutre† which provided insights on the biotechnology from an expert (Kornberg, 2005). His academic career included his presidency of the American Society of Biological Chemistry in 1965. He also served as a president on advisory boards and councils of numerous universities, governmental, and industrial research facilities. He founded the  DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology that is a division of Schering-Plough, Inc. He also served as a member of its Policy and Scientific Advisory Boards. Futhermore, he served on the Scientific Advisory Boards of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Maxygen, and the Xoma Corp., and was also a member of the Board of Directors of XOMA Corporation (Kornberg 2005). Contributing further to his excellent curriculum vitae, he has received honors and gained memberships in the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society, American Philosophical Society, and a number of honorary degrees such as the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959, the National Medal of Science in 1979, the Cosmos Club Award in 1995, and more. Arthur Kornberg died on March 26, 2007 due to respiratory complications (Kornberg, 2005 and Altman 2007). Undoubtedly, Kornberg’s contribution to the biotechnological society is unwavering. His research has paved the way for most of the scientific advances that the world is currently witnessing. His studies have proven indispensable in the understanding of human heredity, cellular mechanisms, and pyrophosphate functions. References Altman, Lawrence K. (2007). â€Å"Arthur Kornberg, Biochemist, Dies at 89.† New York Times. Site last accessed December 12, 2007 from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/science/28kornberg.html?ex=1351224000&en=7d92a32eb1f6fba9&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Kornberg, Arthur (2005) â€Å"Autobiography: Arthur Kornberg.† Nobelprize.org. Site last accessed on December 12, 2007 from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1959/kornberg-bio.html Kumin, Jochen (2007). â€Å"Arthur Kornberg (1918- ). About Biotech. Site last accessed on December 12, 2007 from http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Arthur_Kornberg.html McCook, Alison (2007). â€Å"Arthur Kornber Dies.† TheScientist.com. Site last accessed on December 12, 2007 from http://www.the-scientist.com/news/display/53796/ â€Å"Arthur Kornberg† (2007). Telegraph.co.uk. Site last accessed on December 12, 2007 from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/10/29/db2901.xml            

A Detailed Lesson Plan in Mathematics V by: Quinee Mae B. Tumaliuan

A DETAILED LESSON PLAN IN MATHEMATICS V I. Objectives A. Visualize, identify and describe 3-4 sided polygons B. Draw 3-4 sided polygons C. Identify different geometric figures D. Observe patience and discipline in doing assigned works E. Work cooperatively and collaboratively in all activities II. Subject Matter Topic: Visualizing 3-4-Sided Polygons Reference: BEC-PELC III. 1 Materials: manila paper, cartolina, marker, cut-outs of polygons Strategy: Interactive Teaching Strategy Values: Patience, Cooperation and Discipline III. ProcedureTeacher’s ActivityPupils’ Activity A. Preparation Good morning class! Good morning ma’am! B. Review (Socialized Recitation) Identify the following geometric figures 1. point? 2. line segment ? ? 3. ray 4. parallel lines 5. intersecting lines 6. perpendicular lines 7. right angle 8. acute angle 9. obtuse angle 10. polygon C. Presentation What is the figure below? A figure of a man What particular geometricpolygons figure is used to represent the body parts? What polygons can you seerhombus, rectangle, in this picture? trapezoid, triangle arallelogram, square The class will be divided into 4 groups Each group will be given envelopes containing polygons and activity card. They will follow the instructions that were written in the activity cards. Activity card: B. Separate the 3-sided polygons from that of the 4-sided polygons. C. Number the polygons separately as 1, 2, 3, etc. D. Measure the length of the sides of the numbered polygons. E. Record the data F. Tell something about the polygons based from the data. G. Discuss you observations among the group. D. Discussion What do we call 3-sided olygons? triangles What are the kinds ofequilateral, isosceles, polygons according to sides? and scalene Who can draw and describe each triangle? What are the kinds of anglesobtuse, right and according to angles? acute triangle What do we call 4-sided polygons? quadrilaterals What are the differentrectangle, square, kinds of quadrilaterals? rhombus, parallelogram and trapezoid Who can draw and describe(pupils answer) each type of quadrilateral? E. Generalization Three-sided polygons are called triangles Kinds of triangle according to sides: 1.Equilateral triangle- three sides are equal or congruent 2. Isosceles triangle-two sides are congruent 3. Scalene-no two sides are congruent Kinds of triangle according to angles: 1. Obtuse triangle-one angle is obtuse 2. Right triangle-one angle is right 3. Acute triangle-three sides are all acute Four-sided polygons are called quadrilaterals 1. Rectangle- has two pairs of equal opposite sides and it has four right angles 2. Square- all sides are equal and it has four right angles 3. Rhombus- has four equal sides 4. Parallelogram- has both pairs of opposite sides parallel . Trapezoid- it has one pair of opposite sides parallel IV. Application Name each triangle and write if it is equilateral, isosceles or scalene. 1. 2. 2cm4cm 3cm3cm 6cm 3cm 3. 10cm 4. 4cm 4cm 6cm 8cm 2cm Name each triangle and write if it is acute, right or obtuse. 4550 5. 6. 45 40 7. 22 8. 30 28 50 130 100 Encircle the correct name to identify each quadrilateral 1. Trapezoid Rectangle 2. Square Trapezoid 3. Rectangle Parallelogram 4. Rhombus Square 5. Parallelogrsam Trapezoid V. Evaluation Match column A with column B Column AColumn B 2.It has four equal sidesa. trapezoid 3. Three sides are congruentb. parallelogram 4. A 3-sided polygon with twoc. equilateral triangle 5. sides equal 6. A 4-sided polygon with oned. isosceles triangle pair of parallel sides 7. A 4-sided polygon with twoe. rectangle pairs of parallel sidesf. square VI. Assignment Draw the following polygons and assign a corresponding measurement for each sides or angles. 1. equilateral triangle 2. square 3. trapezoid 4. rectangle 5. rhombus 6. scalene triangle 7. right triangle 8. parallelogram 9. acute triangle 10. isosceles triangle

Marketing Week

The consumer will have convenient remonstration while traveling and while not having to pay for a taxi or bus service. D. Television Home Shopping Programs: The consumer will experience convenience from not having to go anywhere to shop, and they can find good deals on all sorts of merchandise. 2 Each of the four products, services, or programs in question 1 has substitutes. Respective examples ( a ) a ham and egg breakfast, (b ) regular tennis shoes, (c ) taking a bus, ( d ) a department store.What consumer benefits might these substitutes have in each case that some consumers might value more highly than those mentioned in question 1 ? A. A Ham and egg sandwich: It may be more appealing to a consumer to eat food instead of a drink. The meal may contain more protein and keep the consumer fuller than the drink. B. Regular Tennis Shoes: The shoes can be used for multiple functions, and they may cost much less. C. Taking a Bus: You will not have to deal with any part of the rental car, like papers, picking it up, and driving it back. Taking the bus can be much keeper and you will not have to find a parking spot. What are the characteristics (e. G. Age, income, education) of the target market customers for the following products or services? A ) National Geographic magazine, ( b ) People magazine, ( c ) New York Giants football team, ( d ) the U. S. Open tennis tournament. A. National Geographic: The target would be people interested in nature and photography of any age since that is what the magazine centers around. 8. People Magazine: The target would be people who want to catch up on the latest celebrity and trending news. Think the target audience is older people, possibly teens or older, but any could enjoy this magazine.C. New York Giants Football Team: This target audience is people interested in football. The stereotypical audience would be older ales but of course females and kids like football too. D. The U. S. Open Tennis Tournament: This would target s ports fans, specifically tennis ones. There isn't an age target here since anyone can like tennis. 4 A college in a metropolitan area wishes to increase its evening-school offerings Of business- related courses such as marketing, accounting, finance, and management. Who are the target market customers (students) for these courses? A.The target students would be people with full time day jobs, adults with full time jobs or children/family to take care of, or people who do not like to get up early for school. What actions involving the four marketing mix elements might be used to reach the target market in question 4? Promotion, Product, Place, and Price A. Promotion: Different methods can be used to promote the night classes so people can see that they are being offered. Posters or emails could be sent out to students. B. Product: Night time classes differ from day time ones because of the time they are taught.This will really sell the night time classes to the target group. C. Place : The location will also help get more people involved in the night time classes. If it is convenient to any people, say right n campus, then more will sign up. D. Price: If the price of each class is fairly reasonable, students will sign up through that school instead of a different one. 6 What environmental forces (uncontrollable variables) must the college in question 4 consider in designing Its marketing program? A. 7 Does a firm have the right to â€Å"create† wants and try to persuade consumers to buy goods and services they didn't know about earlier?What are examples of â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† want creation? Who should decide what is good and bad? A. It is hard to say if a firm can â€Å"create† wants, but I would say they definitely o create them whether they mean to or not. Think they do have a right to, but to a point. They can't force people to want something; people may or may not like it. B. Good Example: A good example would be promoting a 100% fruit juice for children. It is healthy and tastes good. They could want it, and it wouldn't be something harmful to their health. C. Bad Example: A bad example would be something that is dangerous to the target audience.Like say guns or knives that are targeted for middle school children. IT can be harmful to them. D. It is hard to say who should decide what is good and ad. If something is incredibly bad I think something of higher power should decide. Like if it is a food product then the head of the department of agriculture could decide. BUILDING YOUR MARKETING PLAN If your j instructor assigns a marketing plan for your class, don't make a face and complain about the work – for two special reasons. First, you will get insights into trying to actually â€Å"do marketing† that often go beyond what you can get by simply reading the textbook.Second, thousands of graduating students every year get their first job by showing prospective employers a portfolio† of samples of their written work from college – often a marketing plan if they have one. This can work for you. This â€Å"Building Your Marketing Plan† section at the end of each chapter suggests ways to improve and focus your marketing plan. You will use the sample marketing plan in Appendix A (following Chapter 2) as a guide, and this section after each chapter will help you apply those Appendix A ideas to your own marketing plan.The first step in writing a good marketing plan is to have a business or product that enthuses you and for which you can get detailed information, so oh can avoid glittering generalities. We offer these additional bits of advice in selecting a topic: Do pick a topic that has personal interest for you – a family business, a business or product you or a friend might want to launch, or a student organization needing marketing help. Do not pick a topic that is so large it can't be covered adequately or so abstract it will lack specific s. Now to get you started on your marketing plan, list four or five possible topics and compare these with the criteria your instructor suggests and those shown above. Think hard because your decision will be with you all term and ay influence the quality of the resulting marketing plan you show to a prospective employer. Affordable Fashion: From trendy clothing to stylish shoes Pro: Affordable Con: Other Companies like it Dress for a cause: for every special event dress bought, one is donated to girls in need Pro: good cause, many people buy special occasion dresses Con: Price?Spike: trendy shoes for a reasonable price Pro: good prices for shoes, many women want to buy them Con: Other companies, ex. Just FAA, Shoe Dazzle Edam Lips: Cruelty Free, All Natural, good on sensitive skin, lip products Pro: Many women buy cosmetics, good product (all natural/ cruelty free) Con: Many other cosmetic companies, other brands with cruelty free or all natural, ex. ONYX or Burrs Bees 2 When you h ave selected your marketing plan topic, whether the plan is for an actual business, a possible business, or a student organization, write the â€Å"company description† in your plan, as shown in Appendix A.Possible Business- Edam: Edam provides luxury for your lips. With lip sticks, lip gloss, lip stains, lip liners, and more. Have faith in your Edam products. They are never tested on animals, always made with all natural products, and never harmful to hose with sensitive skin. Extravagance you can see, at a price that won't hurt your wallet. Find everything you need for your perfect lip look with Edam. VIDEO CASE QUESTIONS 1 (a) How did m's David Winooski get ideas from college students to help him in designing the final commercial version of the Post-it Flag Highlighter? B) How were these ideas important to the SUCCeSS of the product? A. He first looked in the students' backpacks to get a feel for what many students used on a day to day basis. He early highlighter models an d interviewed students to see what their needs were. B. By seeing what the students would use and want, Winooski was able to create a successful product. His tests and trials were put to good use, as he ditched the failed ones and improved on the successful ones. 2 What (a) special advantages and (b) potential problems did MM have in introducing a new highlighter-with-flags product for college students?A. Special Advantages: They created a brand new product that no one had ever used before. It could be something that only they would make money off of. B. Potential Problems: Since the product was new, it still could not work out for them. People could not buy it as they hoped they would. In turn they could then lose money. 3 Visit your college bookstore before you answer. (a) Where would you display the Post-it Flag Highlighter in a college bookstore, and (b) how can the display increase student awareness of the product?A. Would display it by the other school supplies. I would put it towards the front of the display so students can see it. B. Students can see the product and buy it. Other students can see them with it and in turn buy it as well, thus increase sales. 4 In what ways might MM try to promote its Post- t Flag Highlighter and make students more aware of the product? A. They could put ads in magazine that are targeted to students. When students read the magazine, they will see the product and may want to buy it.

Islamic Politics and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Islamic Politics and Culture - Essay Example Taliban). The vision and mission of Al Qaida is to help all Muslim population across the world, to recover from the oppression they faced from other religions. For example, Al Qaida believes that US intrusion in the Middle East and Afghanistan is causing problems to the Muslims in those regions. Therefore, they are fighting against America in these regions. Same way, Al Qaida believes that Indian Muslims, especially the Muslims in Kashmir are facing a lot of troubles from the Hindu community in India. Therefore, they are helping the terrorist activities in India against the Hindus. They do believe that the destruction of Babri Masjid in India is a clear indication of how Muslims in India are suffering from the hands of the Hindus. In short, Al Qaida network is operating globally. Earlier Jihadi groups were particular in fighting against â€Å"colonial movements, derived from the desire of a particular section of the population, mainly ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities in a country, for self-determination. Often, these conflicts take the tenor of separatist or irredentist movements with or without the use of violence† (TRAC). Earlier Jihadist groups were operating locally rather than globally. For example, Hamas was founded in 1987; but it is operating only in the Middle East, especially in the Palestine. The major aim of Hamas is to save Palestinians and liberate Palestine from the intrusions of Israel. They do have interests only in the Middle East and their main enemy is Israel only. On the other hand, for Al Qaida, America, India and Britain are the major enemies along with Israel. Al Qaida has no problems in recognizing them as a terrorist organization whereas Hamas is not ready to accept the label of a terrorist organization even though countries such as U.S., Israel, Egypt, Australia and Canada are considering this organization as a terrorist organization. It is evident that religion and religious beliefs were the central points in the

To what extent should the financial reporting practices of public Essay

To what extent should the financial reporting practices of public sector organizations differ from those used by companies in the private sector - Essay Example Hence the financial accounting system is to be very strict to ensure the uniform justice. Making them profit driven is crucial for the whole nation as will add further to the gross domestic product of the country and for generating higher employment. In addition the reforms in public sector are needed for following factors which also decide the style of financial reporting in public enterprises. The financial reporting analysis studies indicated that majority private firms get involved in cost reduction activities and hence their efficiency is higher and hence public sector can follow this by implementing cost reduction measures with out affecting the social objectives. Matsumari and Matsushima (2004) conducted an investigation on mixed duopoly, in which a public enterprise with social objectives competes with a profit-maximizing private firm. The use of a Hotelling-type spatial model helped them in product differentiation. Similarly the production costs were reduced by following cost-reducing activities. It was also noticed that the private firms engage in excessive strategic cost-reducing activities and hence their production cost becomes lower than the public firm. It was also felt that privatization of the loss making public firms will result in reducing the operational losses and converting them in to profit making enterprises. The second factor that is to be kept in mind is that the source of funds for the public sector is from the public mainly where as the source of funding in private sector is from private individuals. Hence the public sector enterprises should be held highly responsible for the financial performance. It does not mean that the private sector should be neglected but it suggests that the private sector needs a separate style of financial reporting system. The users and stakeholders are another crucial

REITS Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

REITS - Case Study Example In addition to that, it will access the SWOT analysis, as well as the PSTEL analysis. It will evaluate the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats under the SWOT analysis. On the other hand, it will access the political, social, technological and economical analysis of the Coca-Cola Company. The Company has been the most complex part of many countries' culture over a century. The recognizable branding of coca cola products is one of the company's greatest strengths; the image of its products is displayed on other goods like T-shirts and hats. In addition to that the bottling system is also strength; it allows them to conduct business on global scale and at the same time it maintains a local approach. The bottling partners are owned and operated by the independent business parties who are authorized to sell the products of the company. The coke does not have the outright ownership of its bottling network; its main source of profits is the sale of concentrate to its bottlers (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2008, p.208). The labour relations practices for the coca-cola company are among the best worldwide and are in a continuous motion to improve them. Coca-cola structure is one of the most greatly unionized multinational companies in the world with over thirty percent of workers belonging to unions. Its environmental practices are among the best in the planet yet they are still working to improve on them. The Coca- cola quality structure is a worldwide program involving all aspects of their business; every employee of Coca-Cola is empowered and anticipated to maintain the high standards of value in their products, relationships and processes. The company's quality system mandates in self-assessment throughout its operations, by all the business units (www.cocacola.com). This enhances the high standards of quality production of their goods. The company performs ingredient evaluation in their laboratories for example, precise analysis of fruit juices and all other ingredients sent by suppliers to the company's factory. Moreover, their processes undergo regular inspection in order to safeguard the water they are using in their production and packaging. Weaknesses: The coca cola company has recently reported some declines in unit case volumes in some countries like Indonesia and Thailand. This is due to the reduced consumer purchasing power. According to Cole (2006, p. 88), Japan is suppose to contribute to three times as much to profits. South East Asia, Latin America and Japan generate around 5% of the coke's volume but none, of them are performing to the expectation. Coca cola products have effects on the teeth, which is a significant health care issue. In addition to that, the sugar present in the coca

RISK, RETURN, TRADE OFF, PORTFLIO AND DIVERSIFICATION Essay

RISK, RETURN, TRADE OFF, PORTFLIO AND DIVERSIFICATION - Essay Example We often hear a proverb that "Quality Never Cheeps"; same applies here that an investment with a low risk profile has a low investment return capacity as compared to an investment with a high profile of risk. Most of the investors are risk averse, but they are unaware of the fact that, while investing they have to indulge themselves into a number of risks, which they don't think; like interest rate risk, country risk, hazard risk and bankruptcy risk. This happens because the investor merely focuses on the financial risk and concern about the volatility among the prices of the asset or security, he have. It's a psyche of a person that, if we offer two investments offering the same expected return, but differing in risk, then a risk-averse investor will prefer the less risky investment. Most people invest in a number of assets or hold shares of a number of companies in order to diversify the risk. More precisely we can say that, people typically invest their wealth in a portfolio of as sets and will be concerned about the risk of their overall portfolio. Portfolio theory is used to diversify the risk of an investment; the theory was initially adopted by Markowitz in 1952 as a normative approach to investment choice under uncertainty.

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Main idea and themes - Assignment Example After the disintegration of the Roman Empire, the jurisdiction in Europe and parts of Asia was disintegrated into fragmented groups that spoke different languages and practiced different cultures. Upon crowning of Charlemagne as a king, his main objectives were to promote Christianity and to restore the earlier doctrines of the church. Restoration of Christianity demanded the unification of people towards a common faith. The initial step in this objective was to promote the use of one language. To promote the use of Latin, Charlemagne built schools as well as scriptoriums where ancient texts were duplicated and preserved. During this era, there was a rapid rise in the numbers of ancient manuscripts as well as political stability. With the intention of restoring Christianity, the rule of Charlemagne forced all the subjects to convert to Christianity, a move that was in certain circumstances achieved through brutality. However, the era of Carolingian Revival can still be accredited for the restoration of usage of Latin, preservation and restoration of earlier Christian documents as well as the expansion of Christianity (West,

Plato Aristotle Comparison Essay Example for Free

Plato Aristotle Comparison Essay Justice is the topic which has been the main subject of most philosophers; a quick definition for justice could be the quality of being fair and reasonable. A lot of philosophers have written on this subject and have had debates. Two of the most significant ones are Plato and Aristotle, who are two leading figures of ancient Greek civilization and both thought about justice and established theories about the aspects of being just. Plato was a student of Socrates, and Aristotle was a student of Plato. Aristotle studied under Plato and remained in his academy for 20 years in Athens but left the academy after Plato’s death. Aristotle and Plato had different philosophies about many subjects like justice and injustice, the function of humans, truth, the human soul, art, and politics. Starting with Plato (427 BC-347 BC) one of the most important philosophers of the world and the founder of â€Å"The Academy†. Plato’s most famous work is â€Å"The Republic† in which he draws the qualities of a just individual and a just city state by explaining the sublime nature of justice. His beliefs of finding justice in an individual will require finding it in the perfect city (which consists of people). His major questions that were pursued in the rest of his work were: â€Å"What is Justice? † And â€Å"is one better off or happier being just rather than unjust? † Plato faces a situation where he raised a question and he has several answers provided by several traditions, and he also has a new answer of his own. Aristotle (384-322 BC) is one of the founders of modern Western thought with Socrates and Plato. He was tutored by Socrates’ student Plato, later became very effective in the progress of the idea of scientism and scholastic ideology. Aristotle in his famous work â€Å"The Nicomachean Ethics† explains the virtuous and superior nature of justice where he claims that justice can mean either lawfulness or fairness, since injustice is lawlessness and unfairness. In his opinion, laws push and inspire people to act virtuously so, the just person who by definition is lawful, will necessarily be virtuous. I am going to compare how these two philosophers compare and contrast when it comes to their own political theories regarding the ideal state and how to define justice in it. To compare the political theories of two great philosophers of politics is to first examine each theory in depth. Plato is regarded by many experts as the first writer of political philosophy, and Aristotle is recognized as the first political scientist. These two men were great thinkers. They each had ideas of how to  improve existing societies during their individual lifetimes. It is necessary to look at several areas of each theory to seek the difference and similarities in each. Both philosophers had common points and some differences, starting with Plato, where in the beginning of his conversation with Thrasymachus (Plato, The Republic ,Page 19), the latter defines justice as â€Å"what is the interest of the stronger party†. Socrates goes on to refute this definition by saying that the stronger party can be at fault sometimes, and a ruler can make mistakes. One of the questions that Plato pursued in his work was the one proposed by Thrasymachus who suggests that the pursuit of self-interest or injustice pays better than that the pursuit of justice. Socrates states that the injustice would create disagreement and weakness instead of strength. He says that injustice causes problems and weakens the group â€Å"†¦ whether it occurs in a state or family or army or in anything else: it renders it incapable of any common action because of factions and quarrels, and sets it at variance with itself and with its opponents and with whatever is just† (Plato, The Republic, page 38). The best, rational and righteous political order leads to the harmonious unity of a society and allows all the city’s parts to pursue happiness but not at the expense of others. Plato showed what justice is in the state and then in the soul. He drew a state in which all basic needs are met. The Guardians consist of non-ruling Guardians and ruling Guardians. The non-rulers are a higher level of civil servants and the ruling is the societys policy architects. Auxiliaries are soldiers and civil servants and finally the workers who are most commonly unskilled laborers. The Guardians are to be wise and good rulers. It is important that the rulers who arise must be a class of craftsmen who are public-spirited in temperament and skilled in the arts of government areas. The guardians are to be placed in a position in which they are absolute rulers. They are supposed to be the select few who know what is best for society. As far as politics, he stated in the Republic that philosopher rulers who possess knowledge of the good should be the governors in a city-state. Plato’s ruling ideology is briefed as the â€Å"rule of the best man†, the philosopher king who alone knows the ideal standards for the state. Also, ruling is a skill; as the best man must be trained to rule. Ruling is also an perfection. Aristotle’s ruling philosophy can be summarized as the â€Å"rule of the best laws† – a well ordered constitution which entails good governance. For him, although ruling is a skill and an ideal as well; it is also a science (although Aristotle understands politics as a normative or prescriptive discipline rather than as a â€Å"purely† empirical or descriptive inquiry). Plato believed that each man is better by sticking to one occupation in which he excels in. â€Å"Social justice aims at promoting the good of the city as a whole; it does that by dividing social labors and by assigning optimal social functions to all the citizens equally†(Gerasimos Santas, Goodness and Justice Plato Aristotle and the moderns page 103). Plato valued the skills of all people, and believed that the perfect polis would be one in which every citizen would do his part according to his abilities, and there would be no unique marks between the rich and the poor. Platos ethical ideal of the successful running of the city and the internal harmony of the citizen who runs it is the main ethical aim. Plato maintains a virtue-based eudemonistic ethics. His model of the just state was one where all the parts function for the benefit of the whole, and the whole benefits the parts. â€Å"His first argument is that the matching of citizens to their optimal social functions makes possible and preserves the other social virtues and the good they promote†. (Gerasimos Santas, Goodness and Justice Plato Aristotle and the moderns page 90). According to Plato ethics is a form of knowledge, it is the knowledge of measurement of short-term and long-term consequences. Plato also appealed to a model of harmonious functioning by saying that the soul has its divisions just as the state does. He develops the view that being a good person in an ethical sense involves achieving internal harmony of the parts of the soul. Essentially what Plato wants to achieve is a perfect society. Justice in the soul is likewise a matter of each part of the soul performing its own and proper function. An individual is wise in the virtue of reason ruling in him and brave in the virtue of the spirited part playing its role. An individual is temperate if his inferior bodily appetites are ruled by his reason. And justice belongs to its total ordering. Moreover, the just man will rarely exist except in the just state, where at least some men, the future rulers are systematically educated in justice. But the just state cannot possibly exist except where there are just men; Plato brings the ideal of the philosopher king. Aristotle, differs from Plato here in the way that he is not concerned with perfecting society, he just wants to improve on the existing one. Rather than produce a plan for the perfect society, Aristotle suggested that the society itself should improve to adapt the best system; therefore he relied on the logical tactic. â€Å"Utopia† (Plato’s perfect city) is an abstract solution because there is no real proof that all societies are in need of all that change like Plato wanted. Aristotle discovered that the best possible has already been obtained. All that can be done is to try to improve on the existing one. He disagreed with Plato’s point of â€Å"each man (or groups) sticks to one job, he thought that idea of one class holding discontinuing political power will not result positively. The failure to allow circulation between classes eliminates those men who may be ambitious, and wise, but are not in the right class of society to hold any type of political power. He quotes It is a further objection that he deprives his Guardians even of happiness, maintaining that happiness of the whole state which should be the object of legislation what he is saying is that Guardians sacrifice their happiness for power and control, and those guardian who lead a strict lifestyle like that will impose that kind of lifestyle on their society. Both Plato and Aristotle have a common point when it comes to justice. For both, the end of the state is ethical; as justice is the basis for the ideal state, For Plato, the individual and the state are one, as they both have a tripartite nature of which justice is the result of a sound balance of these three parts. Aristotle asserts that the city-state (polis) comes into being for the sake of life, but exists for the sake of the good life. It is mainly about justice existing in an objective sense, or in other words, a belief that the good and just life should be available for all individuals no matter how high or low their social status is â€Å"In democracies, for example, justice is considered to mean equality, in oligarchies, again inequality in the distribution of office is considered to be just, â€Å"says Aristotle. Plato sees the justice and law as what sets the guidelines for societal behavior. Aristotle said, The people at large should be sovereign rather than the few best (Edward A.Hacker, Aristotelian logic, p 92). Plato would never allow the full public participation in government as Aristotle would like. According to Plato public judgments of approval and disapproval are based on belief and not on knowledge (Edward A. Hacker, Aristotelian logic, p 96). Aristotles ethics are based on his view of the Universe. He saw it as a hierarchy in which everything has a function. The highest form of existence is the life of the rational being, and the function of lower beings is to serve this form of life. According to him, justice must be distributed proportionately. For instance, a tailor and a farmer cannot exchange clothes for food, since clothes and food are not of equal value. Aristotle’s equation of justice with lawfulness can create a problem since laws can be unjust too. However, he refutes this idea again by separating political justice from domestic justice. â€Å"The function of the law is to lay down sound and balances principals of character-formation, in the light of which it should be the function of educational practice to accustom various kinds of people, each in different ways, to refrain from greed and thereby arrive at an equalization of desires† (W.Von Leyden, Aristotle on equality and justice, his political argument p 82). According to him, although political justice and domestic justice are related, they are also distinct. Political justice is about laws since â€Å"justice exists only between men whose mutual relations are governed by law† (The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle, book 5, part 6). So, political justice is governed by the rule of law, while domestic justice relies more on respect. Thus, Aristotle says â€Å"the justice of a master and that of a father are not the same as the justice of citizens† (The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle, book 5, part 6). Aristotle regarded the concept of justice as necessary to satisfy social equality. But he also wanted to argue that justice is based on a background of laws and rules. Aristotle begins to define justice by saying that â€Å"we observe that everyone means by justice the disposition which makes us doers of just actions, that makes us do what is just and wish that is just. † (The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle, book 5 chapters 1). The rest of Aristotle’s procedure in his attempt to define justice is explaining the just actions in terms of laws. Therefore the unjust person is the one who doesn’t follow the law (unlawful), which is where his two definitions of justice come from. The 1st one, â€Å"general justice† identified with what is lawful in our behavior; the 2nd one â€Å"particular justice† that is identified with the distribution of honor and wealth. Plato and Aristotle had very different views about the functions of the human. Plato refutes the idea that backs that injustice is better than justice. He argued that injustice was not very helpful for setting up a model city. Virtue for the model city was derived from the individuals living in the city and their capability to fulfill their functions. He defined human function as ruling, thinking, living, and taking care of the purposes attributed to each in a city. He defined a person’s purpose in relation to his position in the society and his existence in relation to a community. Aristotle argues about the method to achieving ultimate good by searching for happiness by every single person. He believed that happiness or the pursuit of it was the ultimate end, and people worked their way to achieve the ultimate end which is happiness. Happiness, according to him, was attained if one fulfilled one’s reasons, purposes, meanings, and expressions in the best way possible. His views focused on the individual rather than a society or community as a whole. He had a more individualistic point of view. Aristotle disagrees with Plato on another idea. Platos worldview rendered the material, physical world less important than the realm of ideas and abstractions. According to him, the world we see around us consists of imperfect copies of the ideal versions of the same things that are accessible to us only through our minds, and therefore our time is better spent contemplating the better, real, abstractions than their flawed manifestations. Aristotle does not share this worldview, but I will not get into this idea. Their philosophies were different from each other in many subjects, but the most important philosophy which sets the differentiation is the human purpose. Plato believed in a community or society as one and the function of humans in relation to it for achieving a model society. Aristotle was more individualistic and believed in individual happiness as the main function of humans and their achievement by being excellent in what they did and thus forming a model society or city. Although, Plato and Aristotle agree on the concept of an ideal state, they still disagree on deeper issues as Aristotle distanced himself from Plato, who was his mentor, at some point. Plato and Aristotle constructed two utopian state models in which in order to provide justice the ruling power is given to a philosopher king (in Aristotle’s model) or a class of philosopher Guardians who are able to produce better knowledge (in Plato’s model). But rather than giving the ruling power to an elite, in order to provide justice we could raise just children who will be just citizens in the future. Platos philosophy tends toward the metaphysically excessive. He is not bound by realism or model, but allows his imagination to wander into theoretical areas most people today would dismiss as irrelevant and unrealistic. His political philosophy, for instance, is utopian. He sets for himself the task of imagining the ideal way to structure and govern a society, and ends up with an impressively inventive and elaborate scheme, but one that tolerates little resemblance to how human beings ever have or likely ever will interact politically in the real world. Aristotles philosophy is much more grounded in realism and common sense and logical. Hes more about describing the world as it is than going too far in the direction of speculating about how it should be. In contrast to Platos utopian political philosophy, Aristotles political philosophy has a large component of descriptive political science. When he does argue for certain political schemes, they tend to be positive improvements on existing systems. Plato and Aristotle have a lot of differences in both style and material, but what they have in common is that both are still being read nowadays, and still are inspirational and they both challenge philosophers and students all over the world. Sources used: 1- The Republic: Author: Plato Published by: Penguin Classics 2- The Nicomachean Ethics: Author: Aristotle Published by: Penguin Classics 3- Goodness and Justice, Plato, Aristotle, and the Moderns: Author: Gerasimos Santas Published by: Blackwell Publishers 4- Aristotle on equality and justice, his political argument: Author: W. Von Leyden Published by: Macmillan 5- Aristotelian logic: Author: William Thomas Parry, Edward A. Hacker Published by: State University of New York, Albany.