Wednesday, July 31, 2019
Accounting System Paper Essay
Kudler Fine Foods has done a wonderful job with its current accounting system by manually tracking data and not having a uniform system for providing information about that data. Data is the raw and unorganized version of information while information is categorized and decipherable data that correlates to the business. Kudler Fine Foods is making a transition from the less efficient and more labor intensive accounting methods to a technology based accounting system which saves money being that it is more efficient and more robust. The core features, benefits, and cost will be discussed as you continue to read this paper. As mentioned earlier, Kudler Fine Foods is making a transition to a computerized accounting system which will have the ability to communicate with all branches of the business. Kudler Fine foods will utilize an accounting system which is integral part of the Enterprise resource planning software that is being deployed in the Kudler Fine Foods environment. The ERP software will be able to capture real time data directly from the point of sale (cash registers) and automatically adjust inventory and profit data. See more: Social Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay The accounting software will also use a compliance management feature will provide complete transaction audit trails and rules-based controls and advanced reporting capabilities which are compliant with laws and regulations. More benefits are advanced financial forecasting the can accurately predict and estimate potential profits and pending losses, revenue and cash flow. This gives Kudler Fine Foods the ability to analyze past trends to help make better business decisions in the future. In addition, the accounting software will give Kudler Fine Foods the ability to deep dive into the cash management aspect of their business by more accurately assessing current and future cash needs and track all transactions that directly impact available cash levels. In an ERP environment, Kudler Fine Foods will adopt a client/server system. The Client/Server technology model is the model in which today’s softwares are developed. A Client/Server model is one in which the client computer is identified separately from the server computer. This will require servers with Windows serve 2008 and networking equipment which will allow all workstations to communicate to application servers, shared data drives and communicate with the outside world. With the added benefits of an ERP system in the Kudler Fine Food environment, comes an added expense of support of the system. Currently, Kudler Fine Foods can anticipate an expense of twenty-five thousand dollars with a potential ceiling of two hundred fifty thousand dollars. References Top 10 ERP. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.top10erp.org/sap-erp-software-comparison-technology-140 Technology required for Erp. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.vkinfotek.com/erp/erp-technologies.html
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Hartwell Genetics Ch. 13 Study Guide
Chapter 13â€â€Chromosomal Rearrangements and Changes in Chromosome Number Reshape Eukaryote Genomes Fill in the Blank |1. |Events that reshape genomes by reorganizing the DNA sequences within one or more chromosomes are known as ____________________. | |Ans: |rearrangements | | |Difficulty:  2 | |2. |____________________, duplications, inversions, translocations, and movements of transposable elements are all types of | | |rearrangements of chromosomal material. |Ans: |Deletions | | |Difficulty:  2 | |3. |Very large deletions are visible at the relatively low resolution of a __________________, showing up as the loss of one or more| | |bands from a chromosome. | |Ans: |karyotype | | |Difficulty:  2 | |4. |Changes in gene ____________________, the number of times a given gene is present in the cell nucleus, can create a genetic | | |imbalance. |Ans: |dosage | | |Difficulty:  3 | |5. |An unpaired bulge of one member of a homologous pair of chromosomes durin g prophase of meiosis I is known as a | | |____________________. | |Ans: |deletion loop | | |Difficulty:  3 | 6. |A recessive mutation in the mouse that prevents homozygous animals from walking in a straight line is known as the | | |____________________ gene. | |Ans: |shaker-1 | | |Difficulty:  3 | |7. |When repeats of a region lie adjacent to each other they are called ____________________ duplications. |Ans: |tandem | | |Difficulty:  2 | |8. |Inversions that include the centromere are termed ____________________. | |Ans: |pericentric | | |Difficulty:  2 | 9. |Inversions that exclude the centromere are termed ____________________. | |Ans: |paracentric | | |Difficulty:  2 | |10. |A crossover product that lacks a centromere is known as a(n) ____________________fragment. | |Ans: acentric | | |Difficulty:  2 | |11. |The type of large-scale mutation in which parts of two different chromosomes trade places is a ____________________ | | |transloc ation. | |Ans: |reciprocal | | |Difficulty:  2 | |12. |____________________ is the enzyme that catalyzes transposition. |Ans: |Transposase | | |Difficulty:  2 | |13. |Organisms with four copies of a particular chromosome (2n+2) are ________________. | |Ans: |tetrasomic | | |Difficulty:  3 | |14. |Down syndrome is also known as ____________________. |Ans: |trisomy 21 | | |Difficulty:  2 | |15. |If a tetraploid derives all of its chromosome sets from the same species, we call this kind of polyploid a(n) | | |____________________. | |Ans: |autopolyploid | | |Difficulty:  3 | Multiple Choice |16. |Which of the following are considered chromosomal rearrangements? |A) |inversions | |B) |duplications | |C) |deletions | |D) |translocations | |E) |all of the above | | |Ans:  E | | |Difficulty:  1 | |17. |Which of the following removes material from the genome? |A) |inversions | |B) |duplications | |C) |deletions | |D) |translocations | |E) |n one of the above | | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  1 | |18. |Which of the following adds material to the genome? |A) |inversions | |B) |duplications | |C) |deletions | |D) |translocations | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:  B | | |Difficulty:  1 | |19. The type of chromosomal rearrangement which reorganizes the DNA sequence within one chromosome is known as a(n): | |A) |inversion | |B) |duplication | |C) |deletion | |D) |translocation | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  2 | |20. |In general, which of the following usually has a greater chance of lethality than the others? |A) |inversion | |B) |duplication | |C) |deletion | |D) |translocation | |E) |all have an equal chance | | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  2 | |21. |Sometimes a piece of one chromosome attaches to another chromosome.This is known as a(n): | |A) |inversion | |B) |duplication | |C) |deletion | |D) |translocation | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:   D | | |Difficulty:  1 | |22. |Sometimes a part of the genome moves from chromosome to chromosome.This is known generally as a(n): | |A) |inversion | |B) |duplication | |C) |deletion | |D) |translocation | |E) |transposable element | | |Ans:  E | | |Difficulty:  2 | |23. |Rearrangements and changes in chromosome number may affect gene activity or gene transmission by altering the | | |________________________ of certain genes in a cell. |A) |position | |B) |order | |C) |number | |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |24. |Karyotypes generally remain constant within a species because: | |A) |rearrangements occur frequently. | |B) |changes in chromosome number occur infrequently. | |C) |genetic instabilities produced by genomic changes usually are at a selective disadvantage. | |D) |genetic imbalances are often at a selective advantage. | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  2 | |25. |Despite selection against chromoso mal variations: | |A) |related species almost always have the same karyotype. | |B) |related species almost always have a different karyotype. | |C) |closely related species diverge by many chromosomal rearrangements. | |D) |distantly related species diverge by only a few chromosomal rearrangements. | | |Ans:  B | | |Difficulty:  2 | |26. In higher organisms, using genetic analysis is usually difficult to distinguish small deletions in one gene from: | |A) |heterozygotes. | |B) |small duplications. | |C) |monosomies. | |D) |point mutations. | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  1 | |27. |For an organism to survive a deletion of more than a few genes, it must carry a nondeleted homolog of the deleted chromosome. | | |This is known as: | |A) |a deletion heterozygote. | |B) |a deletion homozygote. | |C) |dosage compensation. | |D) |a triplolethal chromosome. | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  2 | |28. |Individuals born heterozygotes for certain deletions have a greatly increased risk of losing both copies of certain genes and | | |developing cancer. One such disease is: | |A) |triplolethal. | |B) |scarlet eyes. | |C) |retinoblastoma. | |D) |cataracts. | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  1 | |29. |During the pairing of homologs in prophase of meiosis I, the region of a normal, nondeleted chromosome that has nothing with | | |which to recombine forms a so-called: | |A) |inversion loop. | |B) |deletion heterozygote. | |C) |crossover suppressor. | |D) |deletion loop. | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |30. Using Drosophila polytene chromosomes and small deletions, geneticists have been able to: | |A) |map the shaker-1 gene in Drosophila. | |B) |assign genes to regions of one or two polytene chromosome bands. | |C) |assign genes to regions of 100kb or less of DNA. | |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |31. |Which of the following molecular techniques could a scientist use to help locate gene s on cloned fragments of DNA with deletion | | |mutants? |A) | In situ hybridization | |B) |Crossover analysis | |C) |Southern blot analysis | |D) |all of the above | |E) |both a and c | | |Ans:  E | | |Difficulty:  3 | |32. |Duplications arise by: | |A) |chromosomal breakage and faulty repair. | |B) |unequal crossing over. | |C) |errors in replication. |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  1 | |33. |During the pairing of homologs in prophase of meiosis I, the region of a chromosome bearing extra copies of a particular | | |chromosomal region that has nothing with which to recombine forms a so-called: | |A) |inversion loop. | |B) |deletion heterozygote. | |C) |duplication loop. | |D) |deletion loop. | | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  2 | |34. An inversion may result from: | |A) |a half-circle rotation of a chromosomal region following two double-strand breaks in a chromosome's DNA. | |B) |the action of a transposable element. | | C) |a crossover between DNA sequences present in two positions on the same chromosome in inverted orientation. | |D) |all of the above | |E) |none of the above | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |35. Inversions may be hard to detect because they: | |A) |never visibly change chromosome banding patterns. | |B) |increase recombination in heterozygotes. | |C) |do not usually cause an abnormal phenotype. | |D) |normally are removed immediately in natural populations. | | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  3 | |36. |Which of the following does not happen when an intragenic inversion occurs? |A) |One part of the gene is relocated to a distant region of the chromosome. | |B) |One part of the gene stays at its original site. | |C) |Homozygotes for the inversion do not survive. | |D) |The gene's function is not disrupted. | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  3 | |37. |When a crossover occurs within the inversion loop of a pericentric inversion each recombinant chromat id will have: | |A) |a single centromere. | |B) |a duplication of one region. | |C) |a deletion different from the one of duplication. |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |38. |Robertsonian translocations result from which of the following? | |A) |Breaks at or near the centromeres of two acrocentric chromosomes followed by the reciprocal exchange of broken parts. | |B) |A part of one chromosome becomes attached to a non-homologous chromosome. | |C) |Unequal crossing over during meiosis. | |D) |The fusion of two small chromosomes end-to-end such that a double centromere occurs. | | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  2 | |39. |Which of the following does not usually show a problem during meiosis? |A) |translocation heterozygotes | |B) |translocation homozygotes | |C) |paracentric inversion | |D) |pericentric inversion | | |Ans:  B | | |Difficulty:  1 | |40. |Of the following segregation patterns, which one is most likely to result in a normal zygote? |A) |alternate | |B) |adjacent-1 | |C) |adjacent-2 | |D) |nondisjunction | | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  2 | |41. |The condition of semisterility is most closely associated with: | |A) |chromosomal duplications. | |B) |pericentric inversions. | |C) |translocation heterozygotes. | |D) |translocation homozygotes. | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  2 | |42. |Translocations can help: | |A) |determine linkage groups. | |B) |aid in the diagnosis and treatment of certain cancers. | |C) |map important genes. | |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  1 | |43. Down Syndrome can result from: | |A) |three copies of chromosome 21. | |B) |a translocation of a part of chromosome 21. | |C) |a reciprocal translocation between any two autosomes. | |D) |a and b | |E) |a, b, and c | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |44. |Which of the following do translocations and inversions not have in common? |A) |don't alter the amount of DNA in the genome | |B) |ability to alter gene function | |C) |use of inversion loops during crossing over | |D) |catalysts of speciation | | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  2 | |45. |A transposition is considered a cytologically invisible sequence rearrangement. With which of the following does it share this | | |property? |A) |small deletion | |B) |large duplication | |C) |inversion | |D) |translocation | | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  2 | |46. |Barbara McClintock is most closely associated with which of the following? | |A) |The initial discovery of genetic transposition. | |B) |The discovery of transposable elements in corn. | |C) |The mutation rate in translocation heterozygotes. | |D) |The demonstration of the presence of transposable elements in polytene chromosomes. | | |Ans:  B | | |Difficulty:  1 | |47. |Transposable elements have many things in common.Which of the following is not a usual characteristic of them? | |A) |Typically small er than 50 bp. | |B) |May be present in a genome from one to thousands of times. | |C) |Are found only in a select group of organisms. | |D) |Need not be sequences that do something for the organism. | | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  3 | |48. |Retroposons and retro-viruses have structural parallels. Which of the following also shares structural parallels with them? |A) |tRNA | |B) |DS-DNA | |C) |rRNA | |D) |mRNA | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |49. |Which of the following is a possible effect that a transposable element may have on a gene? | |A) |Shift the reading frame. | |B) |Diminish the efficiency of splicing. | |C) |Provide a transcription stop signal. | |D) |all of the above | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |50. Which of the following is not an aneuploidy? | |A) |monosomy | |B) |tetraploid | |C) |trisomy | |D) |tetrasomy | | |Ans:  B | | |Difficulty:  1 | |51. |The most common human aneuploidy is trisomy 21, Down syndrome .All of the effects listed below may be seen in this syndrome | | |except: | |A) |death always by age 25. | |B) |mental retardation. | |C) |skeletal abnormalities. | |D) |heart defects. | |E) |increased susceptibility to infection. | | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  2 | |52. |Which of the following sex chromosome aneuploidies is not usually seen in live births? | |A) |XO |B) |XXY | |C) |YO | |D) |XXX | |E) |None of the above | | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  2 | |53. |Turner syndrome, XO, is a sex chromosome aneuploidy. Of the effects listed below, which one is not usually seen in this | | |syndrome? |A) |unusually short stature | |B) |infertility | |C) |skeletal abnormalities | |D) |unusually long limbs | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |54. |In Drosophila, a gynandromorph, which is composed of equal parts male and female tissue, results from: | |A) |an XX female losing one X chromosome during the first mitotic division after fertilization. | |B ) |an egg carrying an X chromosome fertilized by a Y-carrying sperm. | |C) |a normal egg fertilized by both an X-carrying sperm and a Y-carrying sperm. | |D) |the fusion of a female embryo with a male embryo. | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  3 | |55. |Which of the following is not an example of a euploid condition? | |A) |triploidy | |B) |diploidy | |C) |Down syndrome | |D) |tetraploidy | | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  1 | |56. Triploid organisms usually result from: | |A) |the union of haploid and diploid gametes. | |B) |unequal disjunction during embryogenesis. | |C) |propagation of fused cell lines. | |D) |fusion of three gametes simultaneously. | | |Ans:  A | | |Difficulty:  2 | |57. |During mitosis, if the chromosomes in a diploid tissue fail to separate after replication, the resulting daughter cells will be:| |A) |monoploid. | |B) |tetrasomic. |C) |triploid. | |D) |tetraploid. | | |Ans:  D | | |Difficulty:  2 | |58. |Hybrids in whi ch the chromosome sets come from two distinct, though related, species are known as: | |A) |autopolyploids. | |B) |allopolyploids. | |C) |amphiploids. | |D) |bivalents. | | |Ans:  B | | |Difficulty:  2 | |59. |The genus Triticale is a new genus of the various allopolyploid hybrids between wheat and rye.Some of the members of this genus| | |show agricultural promise because: | |A) |wheat has a high yield. | |B) |rye adapts well to unfavorable environments. | |C) |wheat has a high level of protein. | |D) |rye has a high level of lysine. | |E) |all of the above | | |Ans:  E | | |Difficulty:  2 | |60. |Which of the following rarely, if ever, results in a positive force for evolution? |A) |polyploidy | |B) |allopolyploidy | |C) |trisomy | |D) |amphidiploidy | | |Ans:  C | | |Difficulty:  2 | Matching | |Match the following descriptions with the terms below a. inversion b. duplication c. deletion d. translocation e. transposable element |61. |A pi ece of genetic material that moves from place to place in the genome. | |Ans: |e | | |Difficulty:  2 | |62. |A change in the genome whereby new material is added to the genome. | |Ans: |b | | |Difficulty:  1 | |63. |A change in the genetic material where a DNA sequence changes direction. |Ans: |a | | |Difficulty:  1 | |64. |A decrease of genetic material in the genome. | |Ans: |c | | |Difficulty:  1 | |65. |A piece of chromosome attaches to another chromosome. | |Ans: |d | | |Difficulty:  2 | | | Match the following descriptions with the terms below a. retroposon b. transposon c. transposable element d. transposase |66. |Any DNA segment that moves about in the genome. |Ans: |c | | |Difficulty:  3 | |67. |Moves in the genome with the aid of an RNA intermediate. | |Ans: |a | | |Difficulty:  2 | |68. |Moves DNA directly. | |Ans: |b | | |Difficulty:  3 | |69. |An enzyme that catalyzes a transposition event. | |Ans: |d | | |Difficu lty:  1 | True or False |70. |When comparing mouse and human Giemsa-stained karyotypes, we see no conservation of banding patterns. | |Ans:  True | | |Difficulty:  2 | |71. |Karyotypes generally remain constant within a species because rearrangements and changes in chromosome number occur | | |infrequently. | | |Ans:  False | | |Difficulty:  3 | |72. |Changes in chromosome number include aneuploidy, monoploidy, polyploidy, and duplications. | |Ans:  False | | |Difficulty:  2 | |73. |Deletion may arise from errors in replication, from faulty meiotic or mitotic recombination, and from exposure to X-rays. | | |Ans:  True | | |Difficulty:  2 | |74. |Homozygosity for a deletion is often, but not always, lethal. | |Ans:  True | | |Difficulty:  2 | |75. |Recessive mutations can often be covered by deletions in heterozygotes. | | |Ans:  True | | |Difficulty:  2 | |76. |Most duplications have no obvious phenotypic consequences and can be detected only by cytological or molecular means. | |Ans:  False | | |Difficulty:  2 | |77. |Duplication of chromosomal segments rarely has an effect on the evolution of genomes. | | |Ans:  True | | |Difficulty:  2 | |78. |Crossing-over within an inversion loop produces aberrant recombinant chromatids. | |Ans:  False | | |Difficulty:  3 | |79. |Reciprocal translocations are usually phenotypically abnormal because they have neither lost nor gained genetic material. | | |Ans:  True | | |Difficulty:  1 | |80. |A hallmark of transposons is that their ends are inverted repeats of each other. | |Ans:  False | | |Difficulty:  3 | |81. |The mouse genome has high synteny with the human genome since about 170 DNA blocks are simply rearranged between the two | | |genomes. | | |Ans:  True | | |Difficulty:  2 | |82. |Euploid cells contain only incomplete sets of chromosomes. | | Ans:  False | | |Difficulty:  2 | |83. |Down syndrome is an example of triploidy. | | |Ans:  False | | |Difficulty:  2 | |84. |Genetic imbalance results from polyploidy. | |Ans:  False | | |Difficulty:  1 | |85. |An acentric fragment is an inversion cross-over product lacking a centromere. | | |Ans:  True | | |Difficulty:  1 | Short Answer |86. |Explain how data from the linkage groups of the mouse can be used as a resource for assessing human linkage groups. |Ans: |Because virtually all genes cloned from the mouse genome are conserved in the human genome and vice versa, it is | | |possible to construct linkage maps for the two genomes from the same set of markers. Comparisons of the mouse and human| | |linkage groups allow one to see a picture somewhere between complete correspondence and unrelatedness. Genes closely | | |linked in the mouse tend to be closely linked in humans, but genes that are less tightly linked in one spe cies tend not| | |to be linked at all in the other. This shows that even though mice and humans diverged about 65 million years ago, the | | |DNA sequences in many regions are very similar. | |Difficulty:  4 | |87. |Explain the differences between chromosomal rearrangements and changes in chromosome number. Cite at least one example of each. | |Ans: |Chromosomal rearrangements reorganize the DNA sequences within one or more chromosomes. Changes in chromosome number | | |involve losses or gains of entire chromosomes or sets of chromosomes. (Student may cite as an example of | | |rearrangements: deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, and transposable elements. For changes in chromosome | | |number student may cite an aneuploidy such as a monosomy or trisomy, monoploidy, or polyploidy. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |88. |Describe how an inversion heterozygote can reduce the number of recombinant progeny. | |Ans: |When inversion heterozygotes have chromosomes pair up duri ng meiosis, an inversion loop is formed to allow the tightest| | |possible alignment of homologous regions. This always produces aberrant recombinant chromatids. Two inversion cases are| | |possible – pericentric and paracentric. In a pericentric crossover within the inversion loop each recombinant will | | |carry a duplication of one region and a deletion of another.This abnormal dosage of some genes will result in abnormal| | |gametes and if they fertilize normal gametes, zygotes may die because of genetic imbalance. In a paracentric crossover | | |within the inversion loop the recombinant chromatids will be unbalanced in both gene dosage and centromere number. | | |(Student may then explain how centromere number can result in genetically unbalanced gametes such as what acentric and | | |dicentric chromatids would produce. ) | | |Difficulty:  4 | |89. Discuss the several effects that translocations and inversions have in common. | |Ans: |Both translocations and inver sions change genomic position without affecting the total amount of DNA. If a breakpoint | | |of either one is within a gene, the gene function may be altered or lost. Both types may produce genetically imbalanced| | |gametes that may negatively affect a zygote or developing embryo. (Student may explain at this point the differences | | |between how the imbalanced gametes are produced. ) Because both reduce viable progeny and heterozygotes, they may play a| | |role in speciation and evolution. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |90. Explain the possible effects that a transposable element may have on a gene. | |Ans: |Insertion of a transposable element near or within a gene can affect gene expression and alter phenotype. For example, | | |a B type hemophilia occurs after insertion of Alu into the gene encoding clotting factor IX. Secondly, the effect of | | |insertion depends on what the element is and where the insertion point is. If insertion is into a protein-coding exon, | | |the readi ng frame may shift or a stop codon may be introduced. Insertion into an intron may lower the efficiency of | | |splicing, which may result in removal from the transcript that could lower production of a normal polypeptide.A stop | | |signal could also affect genes downstream. Upstream insertion into a regulatory gene could affect gene function in | | |various ways also. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |91. |Explain the mechanism by which aneuploidy occurs. | |Ans: |Aneuploidy occurs because of meiotic nondisjunction either in meiosis I or meiosis II. In meiosis I if homologs do not | | |separate all gametes produced will contain an error. Two of the gametes will contain both homologs and two will contain| | |neither.When fertilization of a normal gamete occurs by either of these abnormal gametes, aneuploidy results. Half of | | |the zygotes will be trisomic and half will be monosomic. Meiotic nondisjunction during meiosis II will produce two | | |normal and two abnormal gametes. If fer tilization occurs with either of the abnormal gametes, aneuploid zygotes are | | |produced. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |92. |Discuss why triploid organisms are almost always sterile. | |Ans: |(Student may explain how triploids occur. ) Triploids are almost always sterile because meiosis produces mostly | | |unbalanced gametes.During the first meiotic division in a triploid germ cell, three sets of chromosomes must segregate| | |into two daughter cells. Most likely one daughter will end up with two chromosomes and the other will have only one of | | |any one set of homologs. Some cells will have two of some chromosomes and the normal one of others. Many combinations | | |of incorrect number of chromosomes will occur with very little chance of the normal amount. Most gametes will be | | |aberrant and will have a reduced chance of producing viable offspring. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |93. |Discuss how deletions and duplications may contribute to evolution. |Ans: |General examples of how chromosomal rearrangements might contribute to evolution: | | |Deletions – a small deletion that moves a coding sequence of one gene next to a promoter or other regulatory element of| | |an adjacent gene may, rarely, allow expression of a protein at a novel time in development or in a novel tissue. If the| | |new time or place of expression is advantageous to the organism, it might become established in the genome. | | |Duplications – a duplication will provide at least two copies of a gene. If one copy maintains the original function, | | |the other could conceivably acquire a new function that would probably be related to the original function.Many | | |examples can be seen in higher plants and animals. (Students may also write about the evolutionary contributions of the| | |other chromosomal rearrangements and might even mention the role of changes in chromosome number. ) | | |Difficulty:  4 | |94. |Why do inversions act as cross-over suppressors? | |Ans: |Inversions act as cross-over suppressors because only progeny that do not recombine within an inversion loop will | | |survive. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |95. |What is a balancer chromosome? |Ans: |A balancer chromosome is a special chromosome often created by the use of X-rays for the purpose of genetic | | |manipulation; these chromosomes often carry multiple, overlapping inversions that enable researchers to follow them | | |through crosses, and a recessive lethal mutation that prevents the survival of homozygotes. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |96. |What is the difference between alternate and an adjacent-1 segregation or an adjacent-2 segregation pattern? | |Ans: |An alternate segregation pattern results in balanced chromosomes while adjacent 1or 2 patterns yield chromosomes that | | |are unbalanced. | |Difficulty:  4 | Experimental Design and Interpretation of Data |97. |We now know that several organisms have a high degree of synteny at the genomic level. You wish to test the hypothesis that the| | |laboratory mouse and human share genomic similarities. What tests would you complete and given that we now know that the mouse | | |and human genomes are highly syntenic, what results would you expect? | |Ans: |Karyotype analysis can be used to test the hypothesis of genomic similarities however, only animals that have high | | |homology will show similar banding patterns.Therefore, FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) would be a more | | |useful technique to determine synteny. The mouse and human genomes are similar in that approximately 170 similar | | |fragments an average length of about 18 Mb are simply rearranged (this is not visible in a karyotype). | | |Difficulty:  4 | |98. |You are mapping traits in your favorite organism but unbeknownst to you, your laboratory model organism contains a rare | | |deletion. How will your mapping results be affected? |Ans: |The mapping distance will appear smaller than the actual physical distanc e in the wild-type organism. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |99. |You have discovered an altered phenotype and cloned the gene responsible. However, the gene you cloned appears to have an | | |unusual sequence in it. In order to determine the chromosomal location of your new gene, you perform FISH, using only the | | |unusual sequence, on several animals. To your surprise, the FISH results suggest that each animal contains the gene on a | | |different chromosome. How would you interpret your results. |Ans: |The unusual sequence is a transposon and your â€Å"new†phenotype arose via the disruption of its gene by the transposon. | | |Difficulty:  4 | |100. |You are a master gardener and your favorite tomato plant is very sensitive to a pesticide called DEADBUG. You wish to make your| | |special tomato plants resistant to the pesticide which you spray on other bushes in your garden. Using microbial techniques | | |give sufficient and complete details of how you would do this (include ploidy status). | |Ans: |Haploid pollen grains are cold treated and plated on agar plates.The resulting embryoids are treated with hormone in | | |liquid culture and eventually grown as a monoploid plant. The plant is treated with a mutagen to induce mutations that | | |can result in insensitivity to the pesticide. Somatic cells are removed from the treated plant and plated on agar | | |containing DEADBUG. Only cells resistant to DEADBUG will grow. Again the embryoid is hormone treated and grown into a| | |resistant monoploid plant. Treatment with colchicine will allow duplication of chromosomes without separation | | |resulting in a normal diploid plant. | | |Difficulty:  4 |
Monday, July 29, 2019
Faith-Based Health Programs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Faith-Based Health Programs - Assignment Example For instance, if health based initiatives were to be intergrated into a church menu for the purposes of combating stroke and heart disease the church officials would simply start to introduce more healthy foods at church functions. In addition, research has proved that faith-based interventions even provide social support for members who desire to adopt healthy behaviors such as engaging in daily physical exercises. Church groups have even been known to form groups of people that regularly engage in physical exercise with the encouragement of community health officials (Lee, 2010). There are many ways through which health officials can reach members of religious communities through fiath based initiatives. For instance, Church bulletins and newsletters that detail the importance of avoiding fatty foods and habits like smoking can cause members to adopt healthier lifestyles.This is because such health messages will be more accepted when delivered by a pastor than by a community worker. Faith-based settings also increase the chances of members being recruited in healthy lifestyle programs. Such settings are also beneficial for launching education programs due to the ready availability of a meeting space,as well as cooking facilities. In particularly conservative communities, community health workers can even train the religious leaders to carry out health initiatives that will ensure that their members adopt and maintain healthy
Sunday, July 28, 2019
Discourse community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Discourse community - Essay Example There is a certain universality in the language that transcends national boundaries and specific dialects. It is a language that is used very strongly in social exclusion which also implies a strong bond for those who benefit from the reverse which is inclusion. Discourse within the military organization can be regarded as the formalized way of thinking about important matters related to war, discipline, hierarchy, loyalty, courage and love of country that has been manifested through specialized language its members know of. Military discourse is designed exclusively to maintain cohesion within the organization but quite often, the discourse also affects other sectors of society. In this paper, I will talk about the different and unique aspects of military discourse with regard to certain matters in life. Obedience – military discourse does not discount the possibility of confrontation. In fact, military men are trained in the art of war and are expected to resolve issues by force if necessary. However, much of military discourse, especially those used during their training, is geared towards obedience and respect for authority. The reason for this is quite obvious which is to maintain the rigid hierarchical structure in a military organization. The need to maintain a strict discipline is the reason for using this discourse (Bartle & Heinecken 81). Discipline is the backbone by which the hierarchy is being reinforced daily through total obedience. Exclusion – due to the very nature of their task which is to defend the country against external threats, the military by tradition, necessity and practice is discriminatory. What this means is that the military leadership uses language and policies to exclude some groups or individuals which it deems as unfit to render military service. These groups can include homosexuals, transsexuals, so-called conscientious objectors who resist the draft, convicted felons, handicapped people and persons who do
Saturday, July 27, 2019
BCA Compliance for atypical location requirements Assignment
BCA Compliance for atypical location requirements - Assignment Example The sustainability, quality and durability of the structure need to be considered. The structure should be in a position to meet the required standards in relation to the location that it is situated. The ability of the building to withstand harsh conditions, withstand frequent harsh conditions without failure are vital to its performance characteristics. The minimal reports on damages during fire, explosions, vibration among other factors make the structure meet the compliance standards. Some of the actions that need consideration for satisfaction are; the loads both live and dead that the structure is exposed to, force of wind, tremors and earthquakes, marshy grounds and snow. In areas prone to bush fires, the class I buildings should be in a position to offer resistance to the bushfires and minimize the risks involved in the loss of lives and building. Exit doors during emergencies should be installed to ease evacuation by the occupants during fire outbreaks. The design and the construction of the structure should allow minimal risks from the bushfire. It should be easily accessible to vehicles to help the fire fighters and the occupants ease of movement during the crisis. The location of the structure need to be in a place with abundant water supply. The fire fighters can also easily access the building and the water source. The bushfire shelters are designed for emergency cases. These structures must be designed in a way that they can be temporarily used for shelter by the victims affected directly or indirectly from the bushfire. Several factors need to be considered during the location of the private bushfire shelters. Analysis of vegetation, buildings within its vicinity and any other materials that are inflammable need consideration during the designing and construction process. The structure should be readily accessible and provide a maximum tenability
Friday, July 26, 2019
Analyze how globalization has impacted political and economic systems Essay
Analyze how globalization has impacted political and economic systems and appreciate America's role within global, political, - Essay Example North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA), Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) etc are some of the regional trade blocs formed to exploit the opportunities of globalization. This paper focuses more on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) to analyze the impacts of these trade blocs on globalization. Impacts of globalization on political and economic systems The history and formation of the trade bloc Since the mid-1980s there has been a profound change in the structure of the international economy due to the widespread growth and internal enhancement of regional trading blocs in all parts of the globe. The World Trade Organization (WTO), for example, notes that almost all of its 134 members are signatories to regional trade agreements with other countries. As of February 1999 the GATT/WTO has been notified of 184 regional trade agreements of which 109 are currently in effect. These re gional trade groups, according to Fred Bergsten of the Institute for International Economics, account for approximately 60 percent of world trade. The United States, Mexico, and Canada created a free-trade area (NAFTA) that became effective in January 1994 (Reardon et al, 2002) NAFTA has proposals to expand the size of this trade bloc to the entire American continent. Same way, Agreement on South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) was formed on January 6, 2004 at Islamabad, Pakistan during the 12th SAARC summit. The members of this trade bloc are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The role that the countries involved in the trade bloc play in the global economy â€Å"Regional trade blocs have the effect of lessening trade restrictions between members, while increasing or standardizing trade restrictions for non-members. In terms of worldwide trade, the net effect is arguable†(Reardon et al, 2002). One of the major barriers in increasing trade acti vities between different countries before the entry of globalization was the governmental trade restrictions imposed by countries. Globalization has brought the concept of free trade between countries and many of the countries which implemented globalization started liberalize the governmental restrictions on trade activities between countries. American economy has the ability to affect the entire global economy. Any fluctuations taking place in American economy is watched with lot of concerns by other countries because of the increasing interdependence of global economy and the trade activities many of the global countries have with America. However, most of these liberalizations of trade rules between countries were taken place between countries which have warm relationships. Countries in the same region with political and economic problems between them have failed to liberalize trade rules. Such problems created more problems to other countries also in doing free trade activities . For example, India and Pakistan are enemy countries and their enmity created problems in signing an agreement between Iran and India in establishing a gas pipe line from Iran to India through Pakistan. However, the formation of SAFTA helped these enemy countries to assemble under one umbrella and currently the problems in establishing the gas line is going to be solved amicably. In short, countries started to realize that the
Performance Appraisal and Job Satisfaction in the UK Essay
Performance Appraisal and Job Satisfaction in the UK - Essay Example ance appraisal is regarded as an important process, which allows the management to analyse the performance of employees working in the organization (Aminuddin 2008, Pettijohn, et al. 2001). Employees who are satisfied with their work and tasks serve as the means for improving the overall organizational performance and it is due to this reason it has been found that above ninety percent of business corporations have systems in place for monitoring performance of the workers and staff members (Seldon, Ingraham and Jacobson 2001). The performance appraisal systems are largely placed to ensure that employees are satisfied with their jobs and this is determined by their â€Å"overall performance†, â€Å"commitment towards organization†and its goals and the â€Å"turnover rate†(Vignaswaran 2008). Considering this discussion, it is important for the management to explore and evaluate the relationship between performance appraisal systems and job satisfaction of employ ees and take the necessary measures for them to improve their performance and minimize their turnover intention. This research work is aimed at exploring the impact of an effective performance appraisal system in an organization on the job satisfaction of employees. In this regard, the research explores the relationship of performance appraisal effectiveness with overall performance, commitment and turnover of employees. Chapter one explores the relationship between an effective performance appraisal system and employees’ job satisfaction in the United Kingdom, since it enables the organizations to understand the influence placed by effective performance appraisal on the overall organizational performance and job satisfaction of the employees. The objectives and the significance of the research are also... Performance appraisal is regarded as an important area of concern in relation to human resource development and management (Aminuddin 2008, Noe et al., 2009). In business entities, performance appraisal is regarded as an important process, which allows the management to analyse the performance of employees working in the organization (Aminuddin 2008, Pettijohn et al., 2001). In the present research we will try to identify how PA affects the employees’ job satisfaction and work performance. Employees who are satisfied with their work and tasks serve as the means for improving the overall organizational performance and it is due to this reason it has been found that above ninety percent of business corporations have systems in place for monitoring performance of the workers and staff members. The performance appraisal systems are largely placed to ensure that employees are satisfied with their jobs and this is determined by their â€Å"overall performance†, â€Å"commitment towards organization†and its goals and the â€Å"turnover rate†. â€Å"Performance Appraisal has been widely practiced in both the private and public sectors in the UK and the US for 20-30 yrs.†as noted from Whyte in 1986, it is Human Resource practice that is widespread in many organizations. It should be though considered as a vital one since Performance Appraisal is actually helping the organization to motivate in the best possible way his employees, to train and develop them and they will act as being the mediators for achieving its aims, its objectives and its profitability.
Thursday, July 25, 2019
Discuss how the anatomical and molecular structure of the podocyte Essay
Discuss how the anatomical and molecular structure of the podocyte facilitates filtration in the kidney - Essay Example The epithelial cells in the podocytes are polarized in nature with a luminal and basal cell membrane. The cell membrane corresponds to the sole plates of the foot processes. The slit diaphragm is found between the luminal and basal cell membranes (Kriz et al, 1998). A thick surface coat of sialoglycoproteins covers the luminal membrane and the slit diaphragm. The podocytes have a high negative surface charge due to the sialoglycoproteins made up of podocalyxin and podoendin among others. This surface charge helps to maintain the interdigitating pattern of the foot processes. When the surface charge is neutralized by cationic substances like protamine sulphate, the processes draw back and cause tight junctions between them (Kriz et al, 1998). The abluminal membrane contains many proteins participating in the various functions of the glomerulus. Podoplanin is a recently described protein found all over the podocyte. Galatosamine residues of glycoconjugates and A13 (podocyte-specific pr otein) are found. The cell body has the large nucleus, well developed Golgi system, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosmes (Kriz et al, 1998).Podocytes play a significant role in the physiology and pathology of the glomerulus and form the basis of the filtration process in the kidney along with the slit diaphragm. The glomerulus has a glomerular filtration barrier which is deeply involved in the kidney functions (Pavenstadt, 2000). The podocyte is the most differentiated cell or highly specialized cell in the glomerulus for the functions. The podocytes stabilize the glomerular architecture by preventing distensions of the glomerular basement membrane and maintain the large filtration surface at the slit diaphragm. They account for 40% of the hydraulic resistance of the filtration barrier (Pavenstadt, 2000). The foot processes are contractile in nature with actin, myosin, alpha-actinin, vinculin and talin and connected to the basement
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
Topic of the week explain the development of self-concept, Coursework
Topic of the week explain the development of self-concept, self-esteem, and self efficacy - Coursework Example causes improved performance, or vice-versa†(1). In this regard, the discourse would initially differentiate and define the meanings of the abovementioned terms in conjunction with delving into a discussion to explain their development. Self-concept has been defined by Neill (2005) as â€Å"the nature and organization of beliefs about one's self. Self-concept is theorized to be multi-dimensional†(1). The depiction that one conceptualizes on oneself is perceived to be one’s holistic understanding and knowledge of the self. Shivakumar (2009) acknowledged this concept as parallel with self-identity where distinct components of physical, social and psychological attributes compromise its existence (5). This concept is indicated to be learned, can be organized and experienced in its dynamic form. On the other hand, self- esteem is the term synonymous with feelings of self-worth and value. As averred by Shivakumar (2009), self-esteem â€Å"encompasses both beliefs and emotions†(34) where certain factors contribute to their development. Childhood experiences were noted to provide a crucial role in its development depending on the quality of events and learning potentials.
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
Describing resolution of a recent business conflict Coursework
Describing resolution of a recent business conflict - Coursework Example According to Spiroska (2014), conflicts always exist in organizations, and the important thing is how to resolve these conflicts for the betterment of the company. Unresolved conflicts affect various people involved. Conflict is costly as it makes workers get sick, and some even do not report to the job. In addition, avoidance of conflict lead to being fired and some opt to resign as in the case of Joe, who decided to quit after he anticipated that his boss was to fire him. Katrina (2010) suggests that such negatives in an organization lead to significant financial losses especially for businesses that are small. For example, if workers stay at home because conflict is not resolved at the workplace, the business incurs some direct costs particularly in the long term. In addition, the company might hire a temporal employee to replace the sick one, thus creating money drain for the company due to the extra pay. Projects are also affected by unresolved conflicts leading to reduced production and unsatisfied customers. Employee turnover due to conflict is also costly as it leads to vacant positions that need new employees. This attracts other costs like recruitment expenses, training expenses; severance paying, and the investment that was made in the knowledge of the previous employee (Spiroska, 2014). Various symptoms develop due unresolved conflict, and they act as the primary cost in many organizations. Some of the effects may include frustration, stress, accidents, and complaints by clients (Katrina, 2010). The cost of conflict from the case study that involved Joe led to the company losing revenue, the owner felt frustrated, and the company’s reputation was affected negatively. Furthermore, the management team was also affected by the retaliatory nature, poor attitude, and negativity of Joe, who was part of them. As a result, other managers tried all means to avoid a relationship with Joe. In the end, the owner hired an
Monday, July 22, 2019
History of Japanese Painting Odano Naotake Essay Example for Free
History of Japanese Painting Odano Naotake Essay Odano Naotake (1759 – 1780) was a painter from the Akita Ranga art school. This art school was a by-product of the ‘rangaku’, the ‘Dutch learning’. Rangaku was an important movement in eighteenth-century Japan. It is the study of Holland and the Dutch during the time that the Dutch trade post on Desjima the only connection was with the outside world and the west. Through this contact, Japan stayed informed about Western developments, such as health care and other technologies. This made Japan capable of fast modernization after the opening of the country in 1854. The Rangaku painters painted traditional Japanese themes with the use of Western techniques. The difference from the traditional paintings was the use of shadows, perspective and reflections. The painters also started using the color blue for the sky and sea. Naotake was also influenced by this new intellectual movement through Hiraga Gennai, a natural scientist and student of the Rangaky. He inspired Naotake to study these new Western painting methods as well. He moved to Edo (Tokyo) to continue his studies there. Through contacts with other painters, Naotake mastered the painting of ‘bird and flower’, which is a traditional Jananese style painting with the use of Western perspective and depth. These methods brought these paintings to a higher level, more than just decorations. Naotake also illustrated Japan’s first anatomy book, the Kaitai shinsho. This book was a Japanese translation of the Dutch book â€Å"Ontleedkundige Tafelen†, which was imported from Holland. Together with Gennai and Lord Satake Shozan (1748-85), Naotake started the Akita Ranga school of Art. When Gennai was arrested for killing a student and died shortly afterwards, Naotake was send away from his post in Edo. These developments made the school fall apart. ? Works Cited Johnson, H. Western Influence of Japanese Art: The Akita Ranga Art School. Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing, 2005.
A Day When Everything Went Worng Essay Example for Free
A Day When Everything Went Worng Essay I just cannot think myself lucky when a day of my life goes totally wrong. Recently after starting university a day made me totally upset and frustrated. It was a normal day but my mobile did not give any alarm in the morning so I woke up late. While I was in hurry for university my mother told me that our driver did not come today so I had to go alone. I lived in Dhanmondi and the university was in Bashundhara so I had to take a CNG for university. As soon as I reached Nabisco the CNG had stopped. I asked what happened to the CNG driver. He answered me that the gas was finished and he had to refill it now. As I was late before I just came out from the CNG and hired another one. Finally I reached to the university but it was 10 minutes late. I saw that everyone was writing in the class. When I asked what was going on, they replied me that miss was taking a surprise test. My heart was biting fast but when I heard about the test it started biting faster. After the class I went to the cafe for a cold drink but I found that I had only 50 taka with me. See more: Defining research problem and setting objectives Essay Then I remembered that in harry I forget to take money from mother for CNG rent and I already paid 180 taka to the CNG when I came here. So, I had no money for food at the same time no money for further CNG rent. I had to take bus for home but I never had a bus ride alone before. After asking some of my friends I got an idea about the bus counter here. Then I went there and took a bus. When I heard the bus conductor was screaming ‘New Market’, I found that I was in the wrong bus. This bus was in new market but I should take a bus which had a stoppage in Kolabagan. Since I had nothing to do, I had to get off in new market and took a rickshaw. When finally I was in home it was 6 pm. As long as I met with my mom I saw she was getting ready for going out and she was looking tensed. I asked her what happened. She answered me that one of my aunts was in hospital and maybe she had cancer. I just suddenly became blank. What should I do now? After a while I decided to go with my mom. We were there in the hospital till late night. When I reached home I thought about the whole day and marked it as a totally wrong day of my life.
Sunday, July 21, 2019
Social Advertising: Overview and Analysis
Social Advertising: Overview and Analysis Advertising is a method of communication used by companies with the aim of making consumers keener on buying the product promoted. Advertisement according to McNamara (2011) can be defined as bringing a product (or service) to the attention of potential and current customers focused on one productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ hence the plan for one product might be different than that for anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It is therefore essential as well to note that there are several mediums through which advertising has over the years been carried out through like commercials, signs, direct nails, personal contact, and signs or even through electronic mails. Social advertising, on the other hand, has been in use for years contrary to the beliefs of many who tend to think and suggest that it is a new and recent idea in the communication sector. The whole idea of social advertising is pegged on using the marketing and advertising philosophies to promote health and social issues with an aim of bringing forth a positive change in behavior of a targeted group or society in general (Farlex. The Free Dictionary. Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, 2009. Social Advertising). It is widely used by nonprofit and other institutions, such as the Centre for Disease Control and Drug Free Partnership for America, which has been using and engaging in social advertising for many years to impact the society and the world at large. The history of social advertising though in America started during the World War II where social advertising was used to inform people on the unfolding and also campaign for the American government. Roosevelt instructed that a War Advertising Council (now the Ad Council) be established, which carried social advertisements on behalf of the government and also the non-profit organizations like the Smokey Bear campaign. In this way, the American population was kept aware of what was going on in the society in terms of peoples reaction towards the war and also informed about the happenings in the battlefield. (Chatham University 2009, The Effects of American Advertising and Consumerism.) Technically, the term social advertising/marketing was used by Kotler and Zalman in 1971 first in reference to the application of marketing in a bid to solve societal problems (The Philippine Star, 2001). Since marketing had been used to remarkably move market products, it was argued that in the same trend it can be used to move human beings to adopt particular behaviors that are desirable and beneficial to the society. There are social marketing campaigns that are meant to expose the trouble areas to the wider society and make us attentive to their causes. Even though bringing the attention of the society to the root of the problem may not trigger change in the attitude of the society and their behavior as these are shaped by habits, interests, feelings, and beliefs (The Philippine Star, 2001) and that is the reason why the social advertising campaigns, in order to be considered effective must transverse the mere hurdle of agitation and education. Social marketing is peculiarly characterized by its emphasis on the non-tangible products and performance as opposed to the focus of commercial marketing on tangible goods and products. The primary focus is on the public and on understanding what their wants and needs are, rather than twisting them to fit into what we have like in the commercial marketing model. In a nutshell, social advertising basically tells the individual/group to embrace a new behavior, decline a probable influence/behavior, change a current behavior and discard an old behavior. On a personal level, I am very sensitive to social problems and humanitys future challenges, thats why I find sociological topics very interesting. I was very driven also to combine my business and management knowledge concerned with advertising. Nowadays, advertising has a vital role in our lives since we can find it almost everywhere! In business terms, advertising is the main point of the marketing mix. The marketing mix comprises the elements used by firms to satisfy as effectively as possible the needs of their customers, such as by product, by price, by promotion and by place. United States seems to be a very good example to examine since its advertising sector is on consistent growth with estimations exceeding $300 billion spend on advertising for 2010 (Tns-mi.com, 2007). A country that competes and provides its marketing features in an international market, (through internet for example) can then be assumed that is a trend-setter for world wide phenomena and may lead to behavioural changes not only for domestic viewers. Hence, the main aim of this extended essay is to explore the extent to which social advertising is pervasive in the United States, by exploring its magnitude of application in different facets of the American society. Characteristics of social advertising: The social advertisements strive to put forth advertisement formats that will capitalize on the social perception and perspective of the viewer (Pharma Marketing, 2010). This is in contrast to the traditional advertising that was non-social and was based on the details known about the individual whereas the social advertising is aimed at the individual users existing and potential network. It is the capitalization on the perceptions of the viewer that make social advertising to be the first of its kind to take systematic leverage over the traditionally offline potentiality, such as friends recommendations, peer influence and pressure and other manifestations of peer influence (Pharmaceutical Marketing Network, 2011 Social Advertising on Facebook). This makes it more popular and used by many more each waking day. The social advertising repeats the content over and over within very short time unlike the traditional advertising that were timed and limited to the peak times when it is felt they can generate more influence and impact. The social network will treat the viewers to timely and repeated transmissions at staggered intervals (Compass Labs, 2010). The social advertisements have also acted as referrals that are trusted by many people and this gives even more evidence that people can influence other people. The social advertising takes advantage of the fact that it is no longer a paradigm of what message is sent to the wider viewer platform but that which is shared among friends and social advertising sets out to explore these social trends to develop a new type of advertising system (Bloomerg Businessweek, 2007). The advertisers are hence constantly searching for ways to reach out to numerous social networks which compels them to look at advertising networks to push through their custom content and applications. This makes them come up with interactive advertisements or contextual advertising. (Digital Signage Today, 2011) To get a deeper understanding of the idea of social advertising, it will be worthy taking a look at a few examples of these advertisers and the advertisements as well and see what they deal in. The various social advertising that we face day to day includes those that push us to accept new behavior like Wear a life vest while in the boat or those that encourage us to reject potential harmful behavior like pregnant women should avoid alcohol to escape possibilities of defects to the unborn child. There are those social advertisements that aim to modify a current behavior like parents to wear seat belts as a role model in order to reduce injuries in case of an accident and those that target to help one abandon old behaviors, like quitting smoking to reduce chances of cancers or birth defects. These are some of the social advertising that we come across on a very regular basis. Some of the features that are common with most if not all social advertising are that they are non-commercial and solely aimed at societal benefits. They are also performed by governments, large corporate organizations or NGOs. They are as well related to the peoples attitude and enlist the use of big names that are popular among the targeted society or group. Techniques of social advertising: In the world of social advertising, there are numerous techniques that are employed by the parties involved. The mediums to be used are endless depending on the targeted audience and viewers and what is easily accessible to them. Wall murals, billboards, flyers, street furniture, cards, radio, television, mobile phone screens, human billboards, newspapers, shopping carts, bus sides, planes, web banners, rooftops, stickers, back of tickets and many more places have been used by the social advertising to pass across their message and point (thoughts.com, 2011). Lately, there have been tendencies of more and more social advertising going to the World Wide Web which is a recent discovery as compared to the others. It is a very influential medium since once an advert is uploaded onto the website, the message and pictures cam be seen throughout the world. The other recent mode is the digital signage. It is a force to reckon with in the field of advertisement. The digital signage gets into close touch with the targeted viewers and explores the interactive nature of human beings. They are also easy to control with precision as to what to display and for how long and how often. This makes the message to be relevant to the audience at all times and varying places. These are used in supermarkets, restaurants and even street corners. (Digital Signage Today, 2011). The other recent technique that the social advertising uses is the E-mail phenomenon, which is equally a recent trend as the digital signage. More often this happens in the form of unsolicited nails that contain the social motivator or message intended to be passed across. (Majon International, 2010). From the above techniques, it is apparent that the social media has struck favor among the users due to its simplicity to use and the relevance in content and timeliness. For instance, it is easier to create an advertisement page on Facebook than most social media. As a matter of fact, it takes few minutes to do it, after which you can get suggestions instantly of target groups and how you can get networked with them, as well as tutorials on how to make your advertising page look better (Fortune, 2010). Effects of social advertising on the American society: Having seen that the society at large is highly dependent on the social media and it is on these social networks that the social advertising has turned to it is necessary to look at the extent to which the society today has been affected by the medium of transmission and the content of social advertising. The underlying fact about social advertising is that it aims at making a positive impact on the society in general; it is the drive to see a better society that makes the foundation and core business of the organizations involved in social advertisements. It has been seen that the techniques used in promoting profitable goods and services can as well be used for information purpose, educate and motivational aspect to the public about issues of public interest like HIV/AIDS, energy conservation, politics and political trends, deforestation and many more social issues. Since advertising is an influential education means that is capable of not only reaching but also motivating vast audiences, its proper use is bound to produce some desirable results and this is the only level at which we can confidently say that the advertising has helped or is significant in human life. As Howard Gossage is correctly referred to by David Ogilvy in Education Line (2009), Advertising justifies its existence when used in the public interest-it is much too powerful a tool to use solely for commercial purposes we are persuaded that in as much as advertising is being used for commercial supremacy, there is room for social messages to be propagated by the same medium. Other terms that are interchangeably used to refer to using sophisticated advertisement modes to influence the society towards good morals are non-commercial advertising, cause marketing, public service advertising, public interest advertising or social marketing. Health: One of the most fundamental things that social advertising aim at is health. Most of the earlier advertisements were focused on advising the audience on what foods to eat, the correct type of diet when under different conditions. By use of mass media like the radio, internet, newspaper and TV, health tips and information can be disseminated to a vast audience at the same time. The ideas about how to quit smoking, fighting addicting to junk food that contains too much sugar or calories can be effectively passed on here (Barrie et al, 2005). Drug abuse: Social networks like Facebook have highly influenced many youth concerning drug abuse and consumption of alcohol. The advertisements have time over and over targeted the youth to inform them about the harmful nature of drugs and alcohol. The social advertising has enabled them to register online into small voluntary groups and freely share their ideas on drugs. Since it is a virtual thing and no one sees the other, the members of these teams are free to discuss anything that can help stop them or friends from drug abuse hence producing a cleaner American generation. (Media Campaign, 2009). A good example of social advertising venture is the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign (NYADMC), which is almost the largest social marketing team that utilizes the service of mass media to deliver drug prevention messages and information. For instance, NYADMC embarked on what they called prescription drug initiative which was targeted at increasing parents awareness of prescription drug abuse and effectively equip them with information that would help the parents control the supply of prescription drugs (Media Campaign, 2009). Community policing: It is noteworthy that social advertising has moved out of the hitherto known domain of health issues alone into various other fields, necessitated by change of events in the contemporary society. Social marketing has enabled community policing to run smoothly in many parts of the USA. It enables the security sector to engage extensively with the citizens and obtain valuable feedback hence helping in crime prevention and behavior change through the various police schedules (Stephan, 2009). It is through such initiatives that crime in the USA can be effectively driven out. HIV/AIDS: HIV/AIDS is a scourge that has ravaged many societies in the whole world and particularly the third world. Here in the USA the effects are not very profound but still felt. It is therefore a responsibility of the social media to update the Americans about the effects of the scourge, the prevention, and care for the infected and any new information that may come up as medical research progresses. This milestone in handling HIV/AIDS has been achieved by a very wide proportion. In fact, Nilimaa (2004) agrees that the objective of advertising for a large number of nonprofit organizations is to be persuasive, and both persuasive and informative approaches may be included. He acknowledges that social advertising has a central part in the society toward elimination of HIV/AIDS. The American population has been a beneficiary of the same, since the media is central in the campaign and sensitization about HIV/AIDS thanks to the social advertisements by NGOs. Social discrimination: There have been quite a number of social advertisements that are also geared towards discouraging any acts of social discrimination, encouraging cohesion of the whole USA and prevention of inequality of any form towards all Americans. The social marketing techniques strive to prevent any recurrence of the past history of discriminatory acts whether at social amenities, public institutions, places of work, government offices and any other shared amenities. (The Online Institute, 2011). The UNDP Belarus (2004) set up projects in various parts of the world fighting discrimination of all types and one of the major ways is through social advertisements. Road safety: The safety of each and every American who walks out of his house each time and gets to the road is a priority of the government and all other stakeholders. This safety begins from the accident free drives to carjacking prevention. The issue of roadside pedophilia has also threatened the American security a number of times where the pedestrians and their children are the victims. The road carnage is on the rise during the holidays and it is at this time that more social adverts on road safety are flashed on the TV screens more often discouraging drunken driving, speeding, careless stopping in the woods, cautious driving and all the keeping trail of group members, car poling and so on (BT, 2003). These are meant to go a long way in curbing the rampant accidents that may emerge during the busy festive seasons. Environmental care: As a result of global warming, the environment has become everybodys business. It is no longer an issue that can be left on the shoulders of the governments of the countries of the world to handle. NGOs, corporate organizations and environmental groups have all lined up to help salvage the environment from the constant but certain escalation of global warming. The social advertisements will come in handy in this scenario as well. Indeed OMRON (2011), believes that one of the best ways to realize a sustainable society is to proactively undertake environmental conservation activities and share the results and plans with stakeholders through a variety of media, thereby promoting communication with them. They rely on the social media to carry out their social advertisements in ways of conserving the environment for the future generation. Americans will benefit from such techniques and implement them to sustain an environment that is inhabitable and a better America for tomorrow. Corruption: America has seen a number of corruption cases be they in inflation of bills, irregular tender awards, banking sector under deals, procurement process flouting and much more. Very few have gone unnoticed, but majority are identified and made public to the relevant authorities. For us to bring up a generation that has integrity and impeccable character there is need to keep corruption in check to the best limits available and this is where America has successfully employed the technique of using media as a way of social advertisement or campaign against the vice. (World Bank Institute, 2011). Advertisers Social Responsibility: The prerequisite to any society to cohesively exist is the cordial relationship among its members. Without the harmony that keeps the society glued together, the society will crumple in its basic structure and be no more. Hence, all the viable institutions in the society have a duty to uphold the harmony through appropriate stewardship of those under it. In the bid to uphold this harmony, integrity and honesty, adherence to generally agreed upon ethical standards, availability to offer assistance to various segments of the society and being cautious with respect to the privacy of each society member are the key issues to be considered by social advertisers. (Brand Republic, 2010). Advertising holds a central place in developed countries, contributing immensely to their economic growth. Hence, it is so influential that it can as well affect the results of a political contest. With such powers in the hands of advertising, what comes with it the responsibility which lies in the hands of the sponsors, creators, producer, buyer and even seller of the advertisement, to maintain the maximum ethical standards that support the entire society and contribute to its economic growth. In the USA, the advertisement sector falls in the wider business community that immensely contributes to the growth of the nation as one. It is therefore significant for this sector to play its part in the maintenance of order, respect to the society, and generally contribute to making the community better day by day. American advertisers have kept their bar above the rest and formed the American Advertising Federation (AAF) which represents the sector in the USA and acts as the unifying voice for advertising (AAF, 2011). The AAF will act as a unifying factor for all the involved parties in the advertising company and as well furnish them with the ethics of advertising. Social advertising is not an exception to these rules. Social advertisers have to follow the ethics guiding the advertising industry, so as to avoid any disharmony in the industry. Conclusion: In as much as the social marketing deals only with behaviour change, social advertisers will still have to stick with by the rules of advertising in putting up their advertisement be they in placard forms, flyers, newspaper, roadside billboards, TV adverts or radio since they remain to be as influential as any other commercial advertisement. If these ethics are not followed then the only replacement that they could have is greed as explained by Wallace et al (2007), which in turn will lead to a downturn in social cohesion and lead to losses be it in profits or valuable human lives. In general, the American society enjoys a relatively harmonious advertising environment, though there are a few uncertain areas as to ethics, which centre mainly on the commercial advertising. Social advertising has maintained a relatively upright and trustworthy trend through the years. Social advertising has seen the society gain from the pool of knowledge that there is and has had a relatively timely and profitable updates on the challenges of contemporary society. Hence, we can conclude that its positive impact on the American society will help it become an even more popular way of passing social messages to the wider American society with a view to instilling positive behaviours in people.
Saturday, July 20, 2019
The Structure in Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework
The Structure in Hamlet     William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Hamlet invites various interpretations of the structure because of the play’s complexity. Let us in this essay analyze various interpretations of structure.  Mark Rose, in â€Å"Reforming the Role,†highlights the â€Å"double plot†structure within Hamlet and another tragedy:  Hamlet and Lear are the only two of Shakespeare’s tragedies with double plots. [. . .] The story of Polonius’s family works analogously in Hamlet. Each member of the family is a fairly ordinary person who serves as a foil to some aspect of Hamlet’s extraordinary cunning and discipline. Polonius imagines himself a regular Machiavel, an expert at using indirections to find directions out, but compared to Hamlet he is what the prince calls him, a great baby. Ophelia, unable to control her grief, lapses into madness and a muddy death, reminding us that it is one of Hamlet’s achievements that he does not go mad but only plays at insanity to disguise his true strength. And Laertes, of course, goes mad in a different fashion and becomes the model of the kind of revenger that Hamlet so disdains. (125)  A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy analyzes the structure of Shakespearean tragedy:  As a Shakespearean tragedy represents a conflict which terminates in a catastrophe, any such tragedy may roughly be divided into three parts. The first of these sets forth or expounds the situation, or state of affairs, out of which the conflict arises; and it may, therefore, be called the Exposition. The second deals with the definite beginning, the growth and the vicissitudes of the conflict. It forms accordingly the bulk of the play, comprising the Second, Third and Fourth Acts, and usually a part of the First and a part of the Fifth. The final section of the tragedy shows the issue of the conflict in a catastrophe. (52)  Thus the first step of the structure of Hamlet involves the presentation of a conflict-generating situation. Marchette Chute in â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet†describes the beginning of the Exposition of the drama: The story opens in the cold and dark of a winter night in Denmark, while the guard is being changed on the battlements of the royal castle of Elsinore. For two nights in succession, just as the bell strikes the hour of one, a ghost has appeared on the battlements, a figure dressed in complete armor and with a face like that of the dead king of Denmark, Hamlet’s father.
Friday, July 19, 2019
Lee Tamahoris Once Were Warriors Essay -- Movie Film Essays Once Were
Lee Tamahori’s Once Were Warriors Filmic technique plays a vital role in the way an audience looks at a character or society in a whole. Lee Tamahori’s film â€Å"Once were warriors†uses filmic technique in the crafting of the characters, the roles they adopt and the society they live in. Filmic Technique helps to exhibit the Heke family as trapped in society, with a vicious cycle of alcohol, violence, male domination, unemployment and pointless parties. In order to try and free themselves from the vicious cycle or to just find peace and happiness; each character has a way of escaping the harsh reality of the society they live in. The choice to escape is theirs, and the route they take can be looked at as either real or fantasy. The opening shot of ‘Once were warriors’ begins with an idyllic and placid landscape, stereotypical of the beautiful scenery of New Zealand. It is presented as pure serenity; it can be any place, any time. The picture is frozen, pretty as a picture. There is no pollution or garbage to be seen. No signs of human life, and is free of all the hustle and bustle of city. The music supports the idyllic image, with a serene and tranquil tone in the flow of the music. The music benefits the picture, and helps the audience create a perfect moment in their mind. As the camera pans left, the audience is feed the sound of busy city life. The complete opposite to the image the audience had experienced just moments before. The soundtrack is vital, as it creates a direct image to match the visual that the audience sees. The audience at this point must recognise the difference between the two scenes and realise why it was used. The use of soundtrack and carefully structured images creates an uneasy tension in... ... warriors. But unlike your Jake, they were people with munnah, pride; people with spirit . If my spirit can survive living with you for eighteen years, then I can survive anything.†The use of filmic technique, at Grace’s funeral helps to convey the release of the Heke’s entrapment. The use of soft tones and a sun setting sky creates a sense that they are at peace now. Jake and his influences no longer trap them. Throughout the film â€Å"Once Were Warriors†filmic technique is used to convey each member of the Heke family as trapped in one way or another. If not by their own actions, resulting in their own downfall, then by their influencing society. Lee Tamahori takes full advantage of filmic technique to create a powerful and dramatic film. The film captures the audiences not just by looking at domestic violence, but the way it affect those it reflects on.
Pros and Cons of the Mandatory Seatbelt Law Essay -- Pro Con Essays
An enormous division currently exists between the people who believe that automobile safety should be an option and those that feel it must be a requirement. The federal government feels the morally obligated to create the safest driving environment possible. On the other end of the spectrum, opinions exist that the average driver has ability to make the choice of safety on their own. Editorials, political assemblies, debates, and conversations have arrived on the concept of click it or ticket. This idea refers to ticketing any motor vehicle driver and passenger that is not fastened by a seat belt. Arguments have been made for both sides, and have been reviewed in multiple states. One particular article has been written, by Dr. Walter E. Williams, that discussed the negatives of click it or ticket, and has actually demoralized this idea (Williams 2003). The article is properly titled 'Click It or Ticket', and was written in the fall of 2004. His educated opinions reflect one side of the controversial argument; however also contain bias statistics and opinionated logic. Dr. Williams has researched the programs purpose and actions and feels strongly against the policy (Williams 2003). His motive of convincing readers to side with him exists in his tone of rebellion, astonishment, and confusion. His argument lies on the basis of opinion and not practicality. On the other hand, his reasons are just and well-explained, and therefore make for a liable argument. Dr. Williams provides statistics, facts, and general observations to collectively explain his view of the click it or ticket policy (Williams 2003). The first area of Dr. Williams? argument focuses on government responsibility, rights, and laws (Williams 2003). His ge... ...ay of laws and reasonable policy. Dr. Williams is obviously an individual of knowledge and pride, however, his education may not provide the key his views of positive policy. Instead of viewing the governments? attempt at safety as a negative authority, he should reflect on the physical benefits instead of the intangible conflicts. Therefore, the ?Click It or Ticket? article described one way of viewing a current law of governing safety. Dr. Williams clearly disagrees, but an audience should generally view the attempt at safety as the proper acts of government as opposed to the negative. Safety is a necessity for a civil society, and click it or ticket laws allow for a safer than nothing transportation situation. This should be appreciated and will eventually quiet all critics by accurate statistics of saved lives while maintaining a reasonable spending platform.
Thursday, July 18, 2019
Why Women Should Be Able to Vote
Today, I am speaking for the affirmative to why women in Australia should be given the rights to vote for many obvious reasons. My reasons being; firstly, we should all be treated equally with justice or else Australia would not be considered as an egalitarian society. Secondly, other countries have benefited their society by passing women’s suffrage. Lastly, women are just as hard-working as men and deserve as much as men do. To start off, I without a doubt believe that women should be able to vote as Australia or we would not be known as an egalitarian society.Egalitarian means to treat everyone equally regardless of their gender, social class, nationality, education, family, appearance or job. Why should we call ourselves an egalitarian country if we’ve even consider to not give women political privileges such as voting or contributing to ideas based on gender? Women are counted as citizens of the country. They still pay taxes and obey the law. Yet, their ideas and v oices are being crucially mocked and ignored.By allowing women to vote, contribute ideas and analyse problems, we would have more intense debates and more conflicts in arguments. However, we would also be aware of more common problems and needs of the people that need to be met. My next reason why women should be allowed to vote is that countries allowing women’s suffrage have benefited from these actions. The first country allowing this to be passed was our neighbouring country, New Zealand in 1883, and then followed by Denmark, Norway, Germany and Finland in the mid-1900s.Australia can grow by following the footsteps of these countries as they now have a wide variety of ideas beneficial to both men and women because it serves the citizen’s need which should priority. It also gives women, hope and role models to look up to. Lastly, women should be able to vote because we are just as hard working as men. A majority of women are capable of doing tasks men can do. Women are very committed to their family.How can a woman financially support her family if she does not get paid as much as men due to men’s bias? Women are expected to only do large amount of cooking, cleaning and looking after kids. It would only be fair if they were able to vote as their votes would contribute to what is best for the country and its future. In conclusion, I strongly believe women having the right to vote will increase our economy as its extremely beneficial for the people’s rights, needs and the future of Australia being known as an egalitarian country.
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
Sociological Analysis of the Presidential Election of 2012
Sociological Analysis of the Presidential resource of 2012 from a Structural Functionalist Perspective and a Conflict Perspective. As the presidential choice draws closer, we could vividly view our society from loving conflict and structural expirealist views. The democratic wait on helps us to ask why do we accept and emb expedite democracy, how does it influence our favorable patterns and plays and how does democracy re eithery work for the perceptual constancy of our society.In this essay, I give analyze the presidential election of 2012 using sociological perspective with emphasis on manifest and potential functions, secernate, race and gender conflicts. It is a cognise fact that democracy and demography ar like Siamese twins that substructurenot be separated. These demographics include gender, race, age, disability, wealth, employment status, and locations. Politicians relieve oneself used, and shut away using, these elements to realize which group is the best to appease. On gender tax return, the two prominent semipolitical parties, Democratic and the Republi sack up Parties, know that feminines votingrs pull in up 52% of the US electorate (Bloomberg News).These women scarper to pick out for either political c eacher that caters to their needs. Also, race is part of political consideration. The Afri john-Americans, Asian-Americans, the Hispanics and purity ar different choose blocs which the politicians must(prenominal) butterfly. According to the online Hispanic News, the recent dismissal of field Census data confirms that 50 million Latinos ar part of the American electorate. Not only the Hispanics be increase in population, the African American grew by 1. 6% in 2010 while the Asian-American are recently declared, by CNN, as the hurrying growing minority in the US. other demographic to be considered is age. Steven Thomma and William Douglas of McClatchy Newspaper said, Statistics convey that older white and rise up-to-do choosers are more than reliable electorates than the young voters they persist to vote republican Party. The interrogatory now is how tout ensemble these fit into our sociological perspective. I will start by miening at the manifest function of our democracy. In truth, democracy has helped to stabilize and withal create unity among citizens. It has become a recognized and accepted process which everyone take care forward to periodically.It is intended to involve all qualified adults in picking their abutting leaders. The sense is that once everyone is involved, then the legal age will be pleased with the government. However, as a good deal as there has been reliable governance through democracy, there wipe out also been some unintended consequences too. These consequences can be seen by examining the latent function of our democracy. Today, one can hardly larn TV or listen to the tuner without seeing or hearing the break dance that exists in the political s ystem of our country.Citizens have been secernd into two or more groups based on their party affiliations. The divide is so obvious that parties are not willing to com plight-emitting diodege on any issue. The result is a stagnant government, and no reasonable policies have been passed into law. It is hard to know if this fraction is recognized but we sure as shooting know that it is unintended. Aside from stability and devotion which democracy brought into our society, we have seen inequality that generates conflicts. These conflicts can be seen in class, race and gender.On Class, jibe to Real Cleat Politics, the Pew look Center found in 2008 that 6 out of ten Americans say that the republican Party favors the rich. Real arrive at Politics went further to state how the Republican policies give tax break to the rich and the Democrats want tax breaks for the middle class and the poor. This situation has created a permanent big gap between the rich and the poor. Another confl ict is race it is not move that the political parties are try to woo the social group with the highest population.The Democrats are trying to lure the Hispanic with immigration see the light while the Republicans are trying to change integrity their White base with a promise of deportation of illegal immigrants. Both sides are aggressively marketing their ideas to each race for votes. According to US Catholics News, these problems have led to family division, causing a heavy doorbell on children and families of Hispanic community. The Hispanics are not the only group worthless from this political division, The African- American, the Asian-American, the Indian-Americans and all other minorities are all struggling to fit into the kind structure.For all of these, one can comfortably see both the minorities and the bulk voting along their party line. The minority ethnic groups tend to vote for Democrats while the majority ethnic group votes Republican. Another well observed soc ial conflict can be seen in gender. The gender issue has brought out many social issues. From cleaning ladys health, contraceptives and abortion, parenthood and womanhood, the list goes on and women are taking their stands on issues that rival them. The women are the largest electorate in US.LA Progress, an online News Journal, after series of research, simply concludes that Women will patch up 2012 Presidential Election. For this reason, politicians are climax up with policies that will benefit women. However, not all these policies are favorable to all women. For example, the pro-life advocates want abortion abolished, the pro-choice advocates wants abortion to be part of interference healthcare programs. The debate has generated so much heat that some abortion clinics were burned d take in and some abortion doctors were murdered.With all these issues in mind, pro-choice women in general vote for Democrats while pro-life women mostly vote for Republicans. Men have been the a gitators for gun rights. Policies are fashioned to give them freedom to own guns without any restrictions these policies have led to the availability of street guns. The lovers of guns mostly vote republican while the pro-gun control group mostly votes for republicans. It is important to mention here that National Rifle Association, the best known tree trunk that represents gun rights advocates, has both male and female members.Above all, this election is very unique because from the look of things, the minorities especially the Hispanic and women are change magnitude in population and they will teach the election outcome. The Hispanic and women mostly vote for Democrats while Asian-American, the fastest growing minority, mostly votes for Republicans because of their conservative values. In all, the political embellish is definitely shifting from what it used to be. We will all see the political party it favors in November. References Bloomberg News
Tuesday, July 16, 2019
Abortion in the United States Essay
Abortion in the United States Essay
There are two sorts of abortions.Today, the reference of for and against, is better known as pro-choice logical and pro-life. Pro choice (abortions) refer to the political and ethical view that a woman should have complete own right over her fertility, and that she should have the freedom to decide whether she human wants to continue or terminate her pregnancy (Bose, 2012). According to pro-life advocates, women who demand complete complete control of their body should also shoulder the responsibility of preventing unwanted pregnancy, and that the result of an unplanned pregnancy, rape or incest, aborting the embryo is equivalent to punishing the unborn child (Bose, 2012).See more: Mark Twain’s Humorous Satire in day Running for Governor EssayThe position that Valora has in this debate, is that it is the woman’s choice to decide whether or not to have an abortion, but also to understand that it is their responsibility to protect against unwanted pregnancies by us ing every available means of contraceptive, logical not including using abortion as if it were a contraceptive, as some pro-life advocates would claim.Its a growing debate among Americans.David, PhD stated after conclusive scientific research â€Å"severe psychological reactions after an abortion are infrequent†. The best indicator of your mental feelings after an abortion is to realize your feelings and mental health prior to the abortion. (ProChoice.org).
Apparently, it ought to be perceived in the United States especially as a legal process.Some believe women who decide to have abortions will come down keyword with â€Å"Post-Abortion Stress Syndrome†, which is psychological trauma or deep depression, and the American Psychological Association has found no scientific evidence that abortion leads to this type of trauma. Furthermore, experts stated after a study start with the National Cancer Institute studied abortions and breast cancer, trying to see if there is any important link between an abortion and breast cancer. In the end they settled that there was no link between the chances of breast cancer if you had received an abortion. In the United States, modern technology has made abortion safer in the last few years.Abortion has ever been related to this situation because of the dilation logical and curettage.5% of women have serious complication that may bring them back to be seen or hospitalized. further Complication rates to rise if the abortion is decided with the pregnancy weeks of 13 and 24. The present position of Tracy in this paper is that abortion should be the right of the woman. I do not believe the government or any religious authority should make this type of decision for any woman.
Abortion is the simple manner in the gestation.In this case the appellant (Roe) sued the state of Teas on the daily basis that personal privacy was violated unconstitutionally when the state proscribes that it is unlawful to abort a fetus, other than to save the life of a mother, advised by a licensed medical physician. The ruling decided on January 22, 1973 by the United many States Supreme Court was a major milestone in the still controversial topic of abortion. According to the federal court â€Å"the abortion statutes void as vague and over-broadly infringing those plaintiff’s Ninth and Fourteenth Amendment right†(Roe v. Wade).Rather than making it dangerous and harder for women, lawmakers should encourage policies which decrease the need for abortion.No steady state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor how shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or poverty, without d ue process of law; nor deny to any first person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws (Legal Information Institute). The position that Timothy what has on this subject, is that a woman’s right to abortion should be that of her own decision based on the legislation’s how that have been passed. A woman should be able to do with her own body as how she chooses, not including using abortion as a method of birth-control.Abortion is not all together without some medical complications.
Its seen as a threat to the health of a pregnant mother.Sometimes abortion can even lead rare instances of death. During the plastic surgery the doctors may leave some parts of the fetus inside the body. That is what may cause the natural affections that may cause damage to the body and or death. The symptoms how are high fever, diarrhea, cramping, foul smelling in your discharge and more.Legalizing abortion she had a deep effect on crime rates.Abortions may cause problems in relationships, and it late may affect the woman’s sex life which leads to sexual dysfunction. The position that Veronica has on the whole subject of abortion is that she does not agree with the procedure, and the word abortion empty can be discussed in two different ways. Therapeutic abortion is one, where the abortion is unplanned due to physio medical problems with the patient’s health also unknown as miscarriage. Another way is elective abortion when it is planned.
Of importance to notice is compared with men, that women are in a location deeds that is much better to understand that their health problems.Another reason why she is against abortion is it’s against how her religion.â€Å"If I make a mistake and got pregnant, then I would have to step up to the plate and take care and raise my child. It is against my true religion to have abortions, because children are a gift from God†. In conclusion of this paper, there are two sides to this debate on whether women should have the right to have abortions in the United States.Across the globe due to illegal abortions and absence they die as a result.Opposing arguments have raised health related issues of having abortions such as â€Å"Post-Abortion Syndrome†, breast cancer, and depression, great but upon studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute, and The American Psychological Association, there has been no scientific evidence to prove the accusations. Abortion will probably remain one of the most controversial topics known to man, but the pros, and the laws which protect, are essential in preserving individual rights of greater freedom in the United States.ReferencesBose, D. (2012).
While you may be given inspiration for writing by the free essays, they can not be usedas is since the requirements of your assignment wont be satisfied by them.com/articles/arguments-for-pro-choice-abortions.html. Doe v. Bolton.American culture goes out to places on earth.Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0179_ZS.
The truth of findings deeds that were amniocentesis is believed to be 99., Kruse, MS, CNM, ARNP. (2006). Evaluating the risk of complications. (n.The same is applicable to leading essay authors.http://prochoice.org/about_abortion/facts/safety_of_abortion.html. early Fourteenth Amendment.
The 2 countries tried to acquire different states on their side.Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxivHeath, S.No matter the conclusion is easy going to be lost and one saved.com/2012/04/15/opinion/Sunday/having-an-abortion-when-no-one-called-me-a-slut.html. Ninth Amendment. (n.
Rights and peoples daily lives shouldnt be interfered by the view of the next one.law.cornell.edu/constitution/ninth_amendment/Roe v. Wade .In 2003, Iraq was invaded by them.Retrieved letter from http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0113_ZS.
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